托福写作掌握这“2+3”：你的句子逻辑再也不会错
托福写作的句子逻辑混乱怎么办？为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福写作掌握这“2+3”：你的句子逻辑再也不会错，来学习一下吧！
托福写作掌握这“2+3”：你的句子逻辑再也不会错!
今天来讲一讲句子之间的关联，需要大家理解两个概念、三种关系。
说到句与句之间的关联，大家都应该听过一种说法，叫“英文重形合，中文重意合”，听起来特别高大上。说得简单点儿，意思就是说，中文靠脑补，英文靠关联。
举个例子，小时候，我们都背过一首唐诗：“白日依山尽，黄河入海流，欲穷千里目，更上一层楼”。仔细观察一下这四句诗，句与句之间没有任何明显的逻辑关联词，它是靠句子和句子之间个含义来让人读懂的。这就是所谓的“中文靠意合”。
那如果这四句诗要用英文的连接方式来写该怎么写呢?得写成“When白日依山尽，黄河入海流。if欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。”通过分析这四句诗你会发现，这四个句子之间被加上了逻辑关联词。也就是说英文这种语言是靠逻辑关联词来表达含义的。如果没有逻辑关联词的话，那可能句子理解起来就会有困难。
理解清楚了什么叫“形合”什么叫“意合”，那接下来，我们来我们引入今天我们要讲的两个重要概念。第一个叫“逻辑关系”，第二个叫“连接方式”。
两个概念：
逻辑关系&连接关系
“逻辑关系”是句子含义与含义之间的关系。比如说转折、因果、让步、并列、递进，这种叫“逻辑关系”。不管什么语言，它都可能来表达这种含义之间的关联。
“连接方式”指的是句子之间的密切程度，它靠什么词儿来连接，就证明了这两句话之间有不同的密切程度。同一种逻辑关系，可能有不同的逻辑关联词来表现，那表现出来的亲疏程度也是不同的。
三个关系：
单句连单句 并列句 从句
第一种关联方式，叫“单句连单句”。大家可以简单的记成“单+单”。举个例子，“I love you. However, you do not love me.”，大家发现这两句话是用句号来结尾的，证明这两句话之间是彼此独立的，井水不犯河水的，但是出现了“however”，证明了这两句话在含义上是转折的关系。“单句连单句”这种连接方式，是一种比较松散的关系。就好像你和你的朋友之间的关系一样，你和你的朋友原来是陌生人，只不过在人群中多看了彼此一眼，确认过眼神，成为了好朋友。假设你们碰不上呢，可能还是陌生人。所以说这是第一种逻辑关系连接方式，叫单句连单句。
第二种呢，叫并列句。什么是并列句呢，在这注意理解，并不是指的是并列的这种逻辑关系，而指的是这两句话之间是平等的并列关系，大不了你也小不了我。举个例子，比如说，“I love you, but you do not love me.”，大家观察一下这句话，整个只有一个完整的句子，两个短句是靠逗号和but连接的，所以说这两句话之间的紧密程度要比那个单句连单句之间要密切一点。由于用but连接，证明这两句话间的逻辑关系依然是转折，这就相当于这两句话之间的关系是亲戚关系。比如说你和你的表弟是来自于同一个大家庭，就算你们俩之间的关系不好，是转折关系，但依然血浓于水。在并列句当中，大家需要记住一个单词，这个单词是几个单词的首字母构成的，这个单词是“FanBoys”。F代表for，for连接两个句子时意思是“因为”;A代表and，表示“和”;N代表nor，意思是“没有”、“也不”;B代表but，意思是“但是”;O代表or，意思是“或者”;Y代表yet，也是表示“但是”;S表示so，“所以”。“FanBoys”，大家记住这几个字母。所有的这些单词都是来连接并列句的，而这些单词之前都要出现逗号，也就是说这两句话要用“，+and”、“，+but”、“，+so”、“，+for”，用这种关系来把句子连接起来，这样才符合这种句法规范。所以这个叫“FanBoys”。
第三种逻辑关系，或者叫关联方式是从句，这里的从句主要指的是状语从句。比如说，“Although I love you，you do not love me.”，你会发现这句话跟前边两种方式所表达的含义基本一致，但是亲密程度不一样了。这里出现了从句，什么是从句呢，就是这两句话是互相依存的，我不能只有从句而没有主句，就像这句话我不能说成“Although I love you.”没了，我没有主句，这是不对的。这两句话之间的逻辑关系是转折关系，也就是说有“Although”证明它是转折关系，但是这两句话之间的密切程度是很密切的，这就相当于这两句话之间是父母和孩子这种关系，不可能一个孩子没有父母，同理也不可能一个从句没有主句。
总结
好，我们来梳理一下这个思路，这三句话表达的含义都是一致的，逻辑关系也是一致的，但是这三种关联词，一种是靠“。+However”来连，一种是靠“，+but”来连，一种是靠“Although”来连，这三种所表达的连接方式的密切程度是逐渐加深的。所以大家你要思考一下啊，以后你要写句子的时候要想一想，这些句子之间有什么密切程度，有什么逻辑关系，我考虑到这两层，才能把句子之间的关联词用得比较精确，比较准确。所以说大家在写句子的时候一定要注意，英文当中的句子是要有关联词的，句与句之间要有关联，段与段之间要有过渡，写到了这个，才能满足评分标准当中的“Organization”，也就是说你的文章考官可以从头读到尾不会感觉到任何的困惑。
托福写作范文：Suburbanization
If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.
With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.
托福写作范文：American Revolution
The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.
America’s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.
Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.
托福写作范文：Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.
Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often said.
Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.
Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.
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