雅思剑12阅读真题Test6Passage1原文及答案
雅思剑12阅读真题Test6Passage1原文及答案!雅思剑12阅读真题Test6第一篇文章为The risks agriculture faces in developing countries，考生可以多积累相关阅读背景知识。下面是雅思剑12阅读真题Test6Passage1练习题和解析，供大家练习。
雅思剑12阅读真题Test6Passage1原文及题目
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The risks agriculture faces in developing countries
Synthesis of an online debate
A Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first, every single person needs food each day and has a right to it; and second, it is hugely dependent on nature. These two unique aspects, one political, the other natural, make food production highly vulnerable and different from any other business. At the same time, cultural values are highly entrenched in food and agricultural systems worldwide.
B Farmers everywhere face major risks, including extreme weather, long-term climate change, and price volatility in input and product markets. However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural, in terms of soil quality, rainfall, etc., and human, in terms of infrastructure, financial systems, markets, knowledge and technology. Counter-intuitively, hunger is prevalent among many smallholder farmers in the developing world.
C Participants in the online debate argued that our biggest challenge is to address the underlying causes of the agricultural system’s inability to ensure sufficient food for all, and they identified as drivers of this problem our dependency on fossil fuels and unsupportive government policies.
D On the question of mitigating the risks farmers face, most essayists called for greater state intervention. In his essay, Kanayo F. Nwanze, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, argued that governments can significantly reduce risks for farmers by providing basic services like roads to get produce more efficiently to markets, or water and food storage facilities to reduce losses. Sophia Murphy, senior advisor to the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, suggested that the procurement and holding of stocks by governments can also help mitigate wild swings in food prices by alleviating uncertainties about market supply.
_he personal names in the text refer to the authors of written contributions to the online debate.
E Shenggen Fan, Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute, held up social safety nets and public welfare programmes in Ethiopia, Brazil and Mexico as valuable ways to address poverty among farming families and reduce their vulnerability to agriculture shocks. However, some commentators responded that cash transfers to poor families do not necessarily translate into increased food security, as these programmes do not always strengthen food production or raise incomes. Regarding state subsidies for agriculture, Rokeya Kabir, Executive Director of Bangladesh Nari Progati Sangha, commented in her essay that these ‘have not compensated for the stranglehold exercised by private traders. In fact, studies show that sixty percent of beneficiaries of subsidies are not poor, but rich landowners and non-farmer traders.’
F Nwanze, Murphy and Fan argued that private risk management tools, like private insurance, commodity futures markets, and rural finance can help small-scale producers mitigate risk and allow for investment in improvements. Kabir warned that financial support schemes often encourage the adoption of high-input agricultural practices, which in the medium term may raise production costs beyond the value of their harvests. Murphy noted that when futures markets become excessively financialised they can contribute to short-term price volatility, which increases farmers’ food insecurity. Many participants and commentators emphasised that greater transparency in markets is needed to mitigate the impact of volatility, and make evident whether adequate stocks and supplies are available. Others contended that agribusiness companies should be held responsible for paying for negative side effects.
G Many essayists mentioned climate change and its consequences for small-scale agriculture. Fan explained that ‘in addition to reducing crop yields, climate change increases the magnitude and the frequency of extreme weather events, which increase smallholder vulnerability.’ The growing unpredictability of weather patterns increases farmers’ difficulty in managing weather-related risks. According to this author, one solution would be to develop crop varieties that are more resilient to new climate trends and extreme weather patterns. Accordingly, Pat Mooney, co-founder and executive director of the ETC Group, suggested that ‘if we are to survive climate change, we must adopt policies that let peasants diversify the plant and animal species and varieties/breeds that make up our menus.’
H Some participating authors and commentators argued in favour of community- based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups. Such groups enhance market opportunities for small-scale producers, reduce marketing costs and synchronise buying and selling with seasonal price conditions. According to Murphy, ‘collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.’ One commentator, Giel Ton, warned that collective action does not come as a free good. It takes time, effort and money to organise, build trust and to experiment. Others, like Marcel Vernooij and Marcel Beukeboom, suggested that in order to ‘apply what we already know’, all stakeholders, including business, government, scientists and civil society, must work together, starting at the beginning of the value chain.
I Some participants explained that market price volatility is often worsened by the presence of intermediary purchasers who, taking advantage of farmers’ vulnerability, dictate prices. One commentator suggested farmers can gain greater control over prices and minimise price volatility by selling directly to consumers. Similarly, Sonali Bisht, founder and advisor to the Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education (INHERE), India, wrote that community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention. Direct food distribution systems not only encourage small-scale agriculture but also give consumers more control over the food they consume, she wrote.
List of People
A Kanayo F. Nwanze
B Sophia Murphy
C Shenggen Fan
D Rokeya Kabir
E Pat Mooney
F Giel Ton
G Sonali Bisht
Questions 10 and 11
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 10 and 11 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO problems are mentioned which affect farmers with small farms in developing countries?
A lack of demand for locally produced food
B lack of irrigation programmes
C being unable to get insurance
D the effects of changing weather patterns
E having to sell their goods to intermediary buyers
Questions 12 and 13
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO actions are recommended for improving conditions for farmers?
A reducing the size of food stocks
B attempting to ensure that prices rise at certain times of the year
C organising co-operation between a wide range of interested parties
D encouraging consumers to take a financial stake in farming
E making customers aware of the reasons for changing food prices
雅思剑12答案解析Test6阅读Passage1
Test 6 Passage 1
Question 1
答案：A
关键词：food production
定位原文：A段第一行：“Two things distinguish food production from all other productive activities: first…”
解题思路：A段提到了食品生产与其他生产活动有两点不同，第一每个人每天都需要食物并且有权享有食物，第二食品生产很大程度上依靠自然。所以A段提到了仅适用于食品生产的特征。
Question 2
答案：B
关键词：farmers in certain parts of the world
定位原文：B段前两句：“Farmers everywhere face major risks… However, smallholder farmers in developing countries must in addition deal with adverse environments, both natural… and human...”
解题思路：B段一开头就提到全球的农民都会遇到极端天气、长期气候变化及价格波动这些问题，后面又提到发展中国家的小农又要额外处理一些问题，包括自然问题及人为问题。题目中的certain parts of the world对应文中的developing countries。
Question 12&13
答案：CD
关键词：improving conditions for farmers
定位原文：H段第一句：“… in favour of community-based and autonomous risk management strategies through collective action groups, co-operatives or producers’ groups…” H段第三句：“collective action offers an important way for farmers to strengthen their political and economic bargaining power, and to reduce their business risks.”I段第三句：“community-supported agriculture, where consumers invest in local farmers by subscription and guarantee producers a fair price, is a risk-sharing model worth more attention”
解题思路：H段第一句提到很多作者及评论员都支持集体形式的自治风险管理策略，建立集体行动小组、合作企业或者生产商小组，H段第三句提到Murphy的观点，即这种集体行动能让农民增强他们在政治和经济上的交涉能力，并且削减他们的市场风险，与C选项对应。I段第三句提到在社区支持的农业中，顾客通过认购的方式投资当地农民，能保证比较合理的价格，这种形式分散了风险，值得更多关注，对应D选项。
雅思阅读常见八大题型做题技巧
1、identify the writer’s overall purpose, target audience, sources etc.
辨识作者的写作目的，目标读者，和文章来源这种阅读技能需要学生从文章的结构、内容、用词通篇考虑。往往对应的是文章最后的一道选择题。一般说来，雅思阅读文章的写作目的一般是介绍某个社会现象，目标读者一般都是普通的具有一定认知能力的非专业性读者，文章都来自一些偏学术化的杂志和书籍。但具体的写作目的目标读者和文章来源要具体分析了。那么同学们平时读一些文章的时候就下意识地问问自己作者为什么写这篇文章，作者希望什么样的人来读这样的文章等等这样的问题，其实问这些问题既是读懂一篇文章的手段也是目的。如果读完了一篇文章还不能回答这样的问题证明可能有些地方确实没读懂。
2、identify and follow key arguments in a text
识别并读懂文章中的主要论述观点这种阅读技能是指从整体去把握一篇文章的结构，并对相应的重要的文章观点进行提炼理解的能力。雅思的阅读文章比较学术性，所以相对与其他的文体而言结构其实是比较容易把握的。但还是需要经过真题文章的仔细分析体会去学习英文议论说明性文字的结构特点，尤其注意体会区别出作者自己的观点和别人的观点，以及先负后正的写法。
3、identify opinions and attitudes as opposed to facts
区分事实与观点态度能够区分文章中的内容是观点态度或者是事实是一个阅读者应该具备的基本技能。如果阅读的时候不分青红皂白都认为是事实，我们就缺失了对文章信息的判断能力，阅读将可能是极其混乱的。人们不只在阅读外语文章的时候会犯这种错误。那么在文章中如果出现一些类似表示观点态度的词(比如maintain, argue)要注意，这些词后面出现的应该就是观点和态度。观点和态度是主观的，不能被证明的。但如果是这样的表达：evidence show, experiment suggest后面跟的就应该是事实，可以被证明的。
4、locate specific information
定位细节信息雅思阅读有一种比较难的题型which paragraph contains the following information考察的就是定位细节信息的能力。这种能力是考察学生能不能在海量的信息里找到你最想找的信息然后进行阅读的能力。这反应了国外大学阅读量巨大的要求。学生不可能每个字都读，得具备这种找到最有价值的一点然后再进行相关阅读的能力。平时训练这种scanning的阅读技能。当然如果对全文结构不做一个skimming也就是大致了解文章结构而大致知道在哪几段中寻找，这种任务基本上是不可能完成的。这也反应了读书的一个基本步骤，拿到一本书我们应该先看目录，知道书的大致结构再由此在最相关的段落中寻找阅读兴趣点。因此这种题型需要skimming+scanning两种阅读技能的结合才能准确快速地解题。
5、extract relevant information
摘取相关信息当定位到最相关的句子之后，雅思阅读考试是希望学生能细致阅读并摘取出相关的信息答案的。而不是像那种不需要读原文就能解出答案。那么平时大家也应该进行相应的精读训练，把一些平时难以读懂的句子仔细通过各种方法真正读懂其意思。当然阅读的时候应该带着问题去有针对性的阅读，搜寻我们想通过阅读得出的最相关的信息。这些阅读技能对应的是雅思绝大部分的细节题：包括填空题，表格题，句子完成题。
6、recognise key points for a summary
辨识概要里面的关键点这两种阅读技能在一定程度上都要求同学们能在阅读的时候区分出主旨和细节，以及主旨里面最核心的关键点。这两种阅读技能往往对应的就是heading题和summary题。要知道往往一篇文章其实都可以用几句话甚至是几个词来概括，那么平时同学们在阅读时一定要随时问自己一个问题：这段话可以用哪一句话概括，这一句话中最重要的一个单词是什么?其他的信息和这个核心句或核心词之间的关系是怎样的?细节和主旨，关键点和其他细节点之间的联系和区别在哪里?如果能回答这几个问题，这个阅读技能你也应该掌握了。但其实掌握了某种阅读技能就意味着你在阅读时要随时使用这种技能，技能不拿来应用又有什么意义呢?
7、group pieces of information in a text in accordance with salient criteria
根据明显的标准对文章中的信息进行归类这种阅读技能反映在题型上就是分类题或者是配对题。作者在论述过程中的很多信息其实是有内在关联的，文章之所以是一个整体就是因为这种关联性。在阅读过程当中要随时问问自己句子之间的关系是什么，信息和信息之间的关系是什么，作者是按照一个什么样的逻辑顺序来展开他的文章的。只有这样你才能真正看出那么多纷繁复杂的信息之间的关系并为它们进行归类。其实这和上文中提到的很多阅读技能一样，既是有效阅读的手段，也是检验你是否有效阅读的工具。
8、extract information from a prose text to put into a diagrammatic representation
从文章中摘取相关的信息填入图表图表在雅思听力，阅读，写作中都会出现。而使用图表来一幕了然地表达相关的文字信息或者用文字信息简洁地表示出图表也是一种非常重要的工作学习技能。因此同学们平时在阅读时候碰到带有图表的文字要留意图表和文字之间的对应关系。
雅思阅读应试技巧及方法
在雅思阅读考试前考生除了需要有扎实的阅读功底，还需要掌握一定的应试技巧和考场临场发挥应变能力。今天小编为大家准备的是雅思阅读应试技巧及方法，希望大家在考试前做一些这方面的功课，不要在考试当天再去临时抱佛脚。
技巧分享
首先考生要明白，雅思阅读考试考察的阅读理解能力和阅读技巧，而不是你能否看懂文章。建议考生多做阅读速读训练，也就是学会扫读和略读。扫读就是根据关键词，定位到相关语段，迅速寻找答案，略读适合应用在雅思阅读题型中的段落标记题，略读能更好的抓住文章的中心句段及关键信息。
文章难易度预判
雅思阅读文章是有难易度的，考生要根据文章难易度合理安排做题时间，本身时间就很紧张，第一篇文章预留10-12分钟，第二篇和第三篇文章难度大预留20分钟，留下5分钟检查答案，基本就差不多了。建议考生在模考时进行计时，精确到每一篇文章的做题时间，先易后难提升做题效率，难题后做，难度大的文章后做。
具体步骤如下：
阅读文章前先扫读题目，根据题型及关键词进行扫读和略读。特征性强的题目先做，遇到需要同义替换或细节题，可放到最后做。按照题目顺序做题，如遇到信息匹配题等乱序题，则考虑放到最后做。
审题重要性
审题是最为关键的，做好审题包括：题型分析、关键词划分、题目意图分析等。根据题型分析，考生可选择做题顺序;而划分关键词则能帮助考生尽快定位文章答案范围;做好题目意图分析也就是掌握文章大意。
雅思阅读临场经验之适当取舍
考试过程中难免会遇到难题，生词和不确定的答案，考生不要过度纠结在题目上，遵循一个原则，能拿到的分一个不能少，难拿的分数尽量拿。不要在个别题目上停留太久，捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。
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