剑桥雅思阅读11(test1)答案精讲
剑桥雅思阅读部分的题目可以进行一些分类总结，因为考试的常见内容一般都会在下次考试中出现的。下面就是今天小编给大家带来的剑桥雅思阅读11原文和答案的内容，希望能够帮助同学们备考雅思考试。
剑桥雅思阅读11原文(test1)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Crop-growing skyscrapers
By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.
The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.
A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light: even so, many still need artificial lighting. A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.
One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.
Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.
Questions 1-7
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
Indoor farming
1 Some food plants, including __________, are already grown indoors.
2 Vertical farms would be located in __________, meaning that there would be less need to take them long distances to customers.
3 Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce __________.
4 The consumption of __________ would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.
5 The fact that vertical farms would need __________ light is a disadvantage.
6 One form of vertical farming involves planting in __________ which are not fixed.
7 The most probable development is that food will be grown on __________ in towns and cities.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8 Methods for predicting the Earth’s population have recently changed.
9 Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.
10 The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.
11 Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.
12 Fertilisers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.
13 Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
THE FALKIRK WHEEL
A unique engineering achievement
The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to the ambitious ￡84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals.
The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks — enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered — that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.
Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant see-saws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double-headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.
The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering’s Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane. The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together. Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.
The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of 360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes’ principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180° in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel — roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.
Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs — so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.
The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.
Questions 14-19
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
14 The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth & Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in their history.
15 There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first.
16 The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured.
17 The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand.
18 The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried.
19 The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument.
Questions 20-26
Label the diagram below.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.
How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Wheel
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Reducing the Effects of Climate Change
Mark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engineering projects being explored by scientists
A Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable. They believe that the best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering — a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A — reducing our dependency on fossil fuels — fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.
B Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale. For decades, May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.
C The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out — which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae — have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.
D The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5℃. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.
E But will such schemes ever be implemented? Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in the research. Angel says that his plan is ‘no substitute for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution’. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: ‘I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s certainly something to worry about.’
F The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’
G ‘A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot”,’ says Dr Dan Lunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate. ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation.’ To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.
H The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree — and then bring in — the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations see the value of investigating the potential of geo-engineering. According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’
Questions 27-29
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27 mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon
28 an example of a successful use of geo-engineering
29 a common definition of geo-engineering
Questions 30-36
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet.
GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Procedure Aim
put a large number of tiny spacecraft into orbit far above Earth to create a 30 __________ that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth
place 31 __________ in the sea to encourage 32 __________ to form
release aerosol sprays into the stratosphere to create 33 __________ that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth
fix strong 34 __________ to Greenland ice sheets to prevent icebergs moving into the sea
plant trees in Russian Arctic that would lose their leaves in winter to allow the 35 __________ to reflect radiation
change the direction of 36 __________ to bring more cold water into ice-forming areas
Questions 37-40
Look at the following statements (Questions 37-40) and the list of scientists below.
Match each statement with the correct scientist, A-D.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37 The effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting.
38 Geo-engineering is a topic worth exploring.
39 It may be necessary to limit the effectiveness of geo-engineering projects.
40 Research into non-fossil-based fuels cannot be replaced by geo-engineering.
List of Scientists
A Roger Angel
B Phil Rasch
C Dan Lunt
D Martin Sommerkorn
剑桥雅思阅读11原文参考译文(test1)
PASSAGE 1参考译文：
作物生长的“摩天大厦”
到2050年，近80%的地球人口将在城市中心生活。依据当前的人口统计趋势进行最保守的估计，那时人类将增加了约30亿人。如果继续像现在这样使用传统的农耕方法，那么需要大约10亿公顷新土地(大约比巴西国家面积大出20%)来生产足够的食物以供给他们。如今，纵观全世界，超过80%适合种粮食作物的土地在使用中。从历史经验来看，这其中大约15%因不合理的管理使用行为而被荒废。我们能够做些什么以确保有足够的食物来供养世界人口呢?
由于室内种植番茄和其他作物已经时兴一段时间了，所以室内种植的概念并不新奇。
新的问题是迫切需要按比例扩大这一技术来供养另外的30亿人。很多人相信通过使用尖端技术，一种全新的室内农业方式是有必要的。“垂直农场”就是这样的一个提议。这一概念是在多层建筑中，粮食作物在环境可控的条件下生长。它们位于城市中心，意味着它们将大幅度减少把作物运送给消费者的运输量。垂直农场需要高效而低廉，从而方便建设和安全操作。支持者们称，如果成功实施，垂直农场会带来城市复苏的希望，持续提供安全多样的食物供应(通过整年生产所有谷物)，并且最终修复由于水平农业而造成损害的生态系统。
人类用了一万年去学习如何种植大部分作物，虽然如今我们视这些作物的种植为理所当然。在这期间，我们在大部分我们耕作的土地上大肆掠夺，经常将青葱自然的生态地带变成半干旱沙漠地带。在同一时间范围内，我们进化成为城市物种，其中60%的人口如今纵向分布居住在城市中。这意味着，对大多数人而言，我们人类享有自然的庇护，而我们将生产粮食的作物暴露于户外的严苛环境，除了寄希望于一年风调雨顺之外，再也无能为力。然而，通常由于快速变化的气候，情况并不常常如人意。每年都会出现大洪水、持续干旱、飓风以及强烈的季风夺取收成，数百万吨珍贵的作物被毁掉。
垂直农业的支持者们认为这一系统有许多潜在的优势。例如，可以整年生产作物，因为它们生长在人工控制的、最理想生长环境中。不会由干早、洪水或害虫引起与气候有关的作物减产。所有作物可以有机自然地生长，不再需要除草剤、杀虫剂及肥料。系统将大大减少农业接触中一些传染性疾病的发生概率。虽然系统会消耗能量，但是它能通过作物不可食用部分的堆肥里生成的沼气将能量返还给系统网络。它也将通过减少拖拉机、犁和航运运输的需求从而大幅度减少化石能源的使用。
然而，垂直农业的一个主要缺点在于作物需要人造光。没有人造光，那些距离窗户最近的作物将暴露在更多太阳光下并且更快地生长，从而降低系统效率。单层温室有天然的顶部光源的优势：即便如此，很多温室依然需要人造光。没有天然头顶光源的多层设施则需要更多的人造光。 产生足够的光成本会过分昂贵，除非有成本低廉的可再生能源可以利用，而这是更像是一种对未来的展望，而并非有在不久的将来实现的可能性。
垂直农场的一个已经发展成型的变化是在层叠式托盘上种植作物，这些层叠式托盘可以在铁轨上移动。移动托盘可以让植物可以获得足够的阳光。这种系统已经在运行状态中了，并且在顶部有光照的单层温室中运行良好：但是不确定是否在没有头顶自然光的情况下使它正常工作。
垂直农业试图解决我们在为增长的人口生产足够食物时必然面对的问题。尽管如此，如今需要采取更多措施来减少它会对环境产生的有害影响，尤其是好比能源的使用。尽管未来有可能我们的很多食物将在“摩天大厦”中生长，然而在将来，我们的很多食物有可能是被种植在高楼大厦里，大部分专家现在相信利用在城市乡镇的屋顶上的可用空间来种植可能性更大。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 2参考译文：
法尔柯克水轮
一个独一无二的工程学成就
苏格兰的法尔柯克水轮是世界上首个也是唯一一个船只升降转轮。法尔柯克水轮启用于2002年，它对于千禧廊道项目至关重要(这个项目斥巨资8450万英镑)，该水轮通过重新连接福斯克莱德运河和联盟运河间曾经的航路从而来恢复苏格兰的适航性。
这项工程的最大的挑战性在于福斯克莱德运河的位置是处低于联盟运河35米的地方。以往，两条运河经由11个船闸，交汇在福尔柯克小镇附近，这些船闸在1.5公里的距离内逐步向下，这是运河的封闭部分，其中的水位可以升高或降低。这一设施于1933年被拆除，从而切断了运河间的联系。当项目在1994年启动吋，英国航道管理局希望建立一座引人注目的21世纪里程碑式建筑，这将不仅仅是对千禧廊道的一个合适的纪念，同时还是这一地区经济复兴的持久象征。
这一项目收到了人们许多的设计想法，其中包括从滚动装置到倾斜槽，从巨大的跷板到高架单轨。最终胜出的一个项目策划是建造巨大的旋转钢制船舶升降设备，也就是后来的法尔柯克水轮。号称这一装置的独特形状受到了各种资源的启发，人工的和天然的都有，尤其是著名的凯尔特双头斧、巨大的船只转动螺旋浆、以及鲸鱼的胸膛或是鱼类的脊椎。
法尔柯克水轮不同的部分被建造和安装起来，就像一个大型的玩具建筑装置似的，就在距离法尔柯克400公里的德比郡巴特利工程炼钢厂。那里的团队仔細装配了1200吨钢铁部件，费力地将细小到仅为10毫米的零件精确组装在一起来确保完美的最终合成。在2001年夏天，这一设备先被拆分且用35辆货车托至法尔柯克，然后所有部件在地面上再次用螺栓连接在一起，最终通过起重机将五个部分起吊起到应有位置。水轮旋转时将承担巨大并且持续变化的压力，因此为了使装置更加牢固，钢铁部件通过螺栓连接而非焊接在一起。超过45000个螺栓孔被它们的螺栓所匹配填充，每个螺栓都由人工手动旋紧。
水轮由两组相对的斧形悬挂臂组成，连接在一条固定的中心柱上，它们之间相距约25米。有两个完全相对的充满水的“贡多拉”，每个的容量为360,000公升，它们连接于悬臂的末端。无论是否携带船只，贡多拉的重量总是一致。这是因为，按照阿基米德的位移原理，漂浮的物体会在水中排出和他们自身相同的重量;因此当船只进入贡多拉时，离开贡多拉的水同船只重量完全一致。因此这使水轮保持平衡，所以虽然质量上巨大，但是它在五分半钟的时间里旋转180度却基本不怎么消耗能量。只要1.5千瓦时(5.4兆焦耳)的能量就能旋转水轮——差不多相当于烧开八小壶家用水壶中的水所需的能量。
需要被吊起的船只在福斯克莱德运河的高度进入到运河港池，然后进入水轮中较低的贡多拉里。两个水力钢闸门被升起，从而把贡多拉封锁于运河港池之中，然后抽出闸门间的水。用于阻止在贡多拉停靠时水轮臂移动的液压夹具被移除了，得以让水轮运转。在中心机房，十个液压发动机开始旋转中心轴。中心轴连接水轮的外臂，外臂开始以每分钟1/8转的速度旋转。随着水轮转动，贡多拉通过一个简单的齿轮装置保持直立垂直。两个宽八米的齿轮围绕着一个宽度相同的固定内部齿轮旋转，它们被两个以相反方向转向外部齿轮的较小齿轮连接——从而确保贡多拉一直保持直立水平。当贡多拉到达顶部时，船只径直穿过位于运河港池上方24米处的沟渠。
到达联盟运河所需的剩下11米起吊距离通过一对水闸来实现。水轮不能被建在相差35米的两条运河间升起船只，是因为具有重大历史意义的安东尼墙存在，它由罗马人在公元二世纪建造。船只通过隧道在安东尼墙下方行驶，然后经过水闸，最终进入联盟运河。
TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文：
减少气候变化的影响
Mark Rowe 就科学家正在探索并且越发受到关注的地球工程项目进行报道
A 我们对于化石燃料的依赖，以及我们已经释放到大气中的二氧化碳量，使得很多专家一致认为严重的全球变暖已经不可避免。他们相信我们顶多能做的就是将其维持在合理的水平，而目前唯一可以考虑的做法是降低碳排放量。但尽管一些国家正在这方面做出巨大进步，大多数国家即使是控制增长速度也依然非常困难，更别说扭转这一趋势了。因此，越来越多的科学家开始探索地球工程的替代性——这个术语通常指目的性的大规模环境控制。根据其支持者，地球工程相当于一台备用发电机：如果A计划(减少我们对化石燃料的依赖)失败，我们需要B计划，即开展宏大的计划来控制或扭转全球变暖的进程。
B 地球工程己经被证明有效，至少在较小的地方范围内。几十年来，在莫斯科的劳动节阅兵在清澈的蓝天下进行，就是因为利用飞机载着干冰、碘化银以及水泥粉来驱散云层。很多方案如今期望用相反的方式进行，以减少到达地球的太阳光。其中亚利桑那大学的Roger Angel教授提出的观点最受人关注。他的方案将使用16兆之多的微型航天器，其中每个约重1克，从而在地球上方150万公里的轨道上形成一个透明的、折射太阳光的遮光板。Angel说，这可以将到达地球的光照量减少2%。
C 大部分目前实施的地球工程，包括在沙漠种植森林，将铁质沉淀入海促进藻类生长，都是侧重于给地球整体降温的目的。但其中一些特别关注阻止两极的融化，尤其是北极。理由是如果你填满高纬度的冰层以及冷冻水，更多光将被反射回太空，从而减缓海洋和大气的变暖。
D 很多科学家提出向北极上方平流层释放喷雾剂的想法。这包括使用硫或氢化硫喷雾，由此二氧化硫将形成云层，这将转而导致全球变暗。这一想法模仿了历史上的火山爆发，例如1991年菲律宾皮纳图博火山的爆发，这次火山爆发导致全球气温在短期内下降了0.5摄氏度。科学家同样细致探讨了是否可能用强化的高压电缆保护格陵兰的冰层，以防止冰山进人大海。同时在俄罗斯北极地区，地球工程方案包括种植数百万棵桦树。而这一地区本地生长的常青松树遮挡雪并吸收辐射，桦树将在冬天落叶，从而使辐射能够被雪反射。一些气候科学家说，改变俄罗斯河流方向来増加流到结冰区域的冷水同样可以减缓地球变暖。
E 但这样的计划会被实施吗?通常来说，参与研究的科学家对地球工程最为谨慎。Angel说他的计划“无法取代开发可再生能源这一唯一的永久解决方案。”美国太平洋西北国家实验室的Phil Rasch博士对地球工程的作用同样持谨慎态度：“我认为我们所有人都同意如果有一天停止地球工程，地球将很快回到实施地球工程前的状态，或许在十到二十年间。这当然是值得人们担忧的。”
F 美国国家大气研究中心已经表示将硫注入大气的提议可能影响热带地区和南大洋的降雨模式。“注入平流层喷雾或制造云层的地球计划将会使地球冷却，并将増加海上浮冰的范围，”Rasch说。“但所有模式都意味着对降水的分布产生一些影响。”
G 布里斯托大学地球物理科学学院的Dan Lunt博士说：“地球工程项目进一步的风险是可能会‘注入过多’”，他已经研究了遮光板和气雾剂方案对气候的影响。“你可能会将全球气温带回到工业化前的水平，但风险在于极地将依然比其应有温度更高而热带地区的温度将低于工业化之前。”为避免这样的情況，Lunt说Angel的项目需要以一半力量来实施;这一切都符合他的观点：最好的选择是避免整体性的地球工程需要。
H 地球工程受到很多科学界人士支持的主要原因是多数研究者并不认为政治家会认可并随之带来必要的碳排放減少。即使领先的环境组织也关注研究地球工程潜力的价值。根据世界野生动物基金会国际北极项目的气候变化顾问Martin Sommerkorn博士的观点，“人类干涉天气变化已经把人类带到了一种必须全面细致探讨这一话题及其可能性的境地。”
剑桥雅思阅读11原文解析(test1)
Passage1
Question 1
答案： tomatoes
关键词： food plants, already grown indoors
定位原文: 第2段第1句“The concept of indoor farming is not new... ”由于室内种植番茄和其他作物已经时兴一段时间了，所以室内种植的概念并不新奇。
解题思路: 找到了indoor farming ，同义替换题目的 grown indoors，自然可以找到tomatoes为答案。
Question 2
答案： urban centres
关键词： located in, less need to take them long distance to customers
定位原文： 第2段第6句“Situated in... ” 它们位于城市中心，这将大幅减少将食物运往消费者处所耗费的运输量。
解题思路： situated in相当于题目中的located in, 而 drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers 相当于题目中的 less need to take them long distances to customers，同义替换，自然可以找到答案为urban centres.
Question 3
答案： energy
关键词： methane
定位原文： 第4段第6句“Although the system…” 虽然系统会消耗能量，但是它能通过作物不可食用部分的堆肥里生成的沼气将能量返还给系统网络。
解题思路： 定位methane后，通读整句后会发现return energy的energy是methane产生的。
Question 4
答案： fossil fuel
关键词： cut, agricultural vehicles
对应原文： 第4段第7句“It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel…” 它将通过减少拖拉机、犁和航运运输的需求从而大幅度减少化石能源的使用。
解题思路： tractors是agricultural vehicles 的同义替换，dramatically reduce 同义于consumption，得出答案。
Question 5
答案： artificial
关键词： light, disadvantage
定位原文： 第5段第1句“A major drawback of…”但是，垂直农场最大的一个缺点是作物需要人造光。
解题思路： the major drawback 很好对应题目的disadvantage, 句子中又明确说明了artificial light，所以非常容易得出答案。
Question 6
答案: (stacked) trays
关键词: one form, not fixed
定位原文: 第6段第1句“One variation on… ”和第6段最后一句，“it is not certain…”垂直农场的一个已经发展成型的变化是在stacked trays(层叠式托盘)上种植作物，这些stacked trays可以在铁轨上移动。最后一句还提到：但是不确定是否在没有头顶自然光的情况下使它正常工作。
解题思路： one form 对应one variation，not fixed 和 it is not certain 是同义替换，找到grow plants in 后面的部分可以找到答案。这个题贯穿的信息在第6段一前一后，需要注意no more than two words 的要求，stacked 也可以不填写。
Question 7
答案： (urban) rooftops
关键词： the most probable development，towns and cities
定位原文： 最后一段最后一句“While it is possible that much…”然而在将来，我们的很多食物有可能是被种植在高楼大厦里，大部分专家现在相信利用在城市乡镇的屋顶上的可用空间来种植可能性更大。
解题思路： the most probable development 同义于原文的far more likely, urban 同义替换原题的towns and cities，所以这个题也很容易得出答案。
Question 8
答案: Not Given
关键词: population
定位原文: 第1段前两句提到了population。只是说了到2050年，世界上近80%的人将居住在城市中心，根据人口统计保守估计，人口将增加到30亿人。全文都在讨论farming，并没有再别处提到预测人口方法的其他话题了，因此，这个题目的答案是NG。
解题思路: 定位到原文第一段后，初步发现是NG，如果不确定，在快速浏览全文过后，可以发现第一段前两句就是本题唯一的答题区域，不用在纠结改变或者没有改变了，更可以快速确认答案。
Question 9
答案: True
关键词: human beings, destruction, food-producing land
定位原文: 第1段的第4&5句。“At present，throughout the world……”超过80%的适合种植庄稼的土地在使用中，从历史经验上而言，这其中15%由于不恰当的管理操作导致荒废。
解题思路：题目中 food-producing land 与文章第一段第四句中 the land that is suitable for raising crops 同义替换，其中15%的土地has been laid waste，这与题目中destruction的表达相一致，而根据文中表述，这15%由于 poor management practices而荒废，这实际上指的就是题目中的human beings的原因。
Question 10
答案: False
关键词： vertical farms，depend on season
定位原文： 第2段最后一句“If successfully implemented... ”如果成功实施，支持者们说，垂直农场会带来城市复苏的希望， 持续提供安全多样的食物供应(通过整年生产所有谷物)，并且最终修复由于水平农业而造成损害的生态系统。
解题思路: 根据定位答题区域，可以得知，括号内的部分说到through year-round production of all crops，说明了垂直农场可以全年都使用，也就是不会受到季节的影响，这与题目中的信息相反。
Question 11
答案: True
关键词: damage to food crops;
定位原文: 第3段的第5-6句“However，more often…” 然而，通常由于快速变化的气候，情况并不如人愿。每年都会出现大洪水、持续干旱、飓风以及强烈的季风，数百万吨珍贵的作物被毁掉。
解题思路: 定位区域提到了一些作物受到破坏的原因。说道很多valuable crops 受到破坏是由于句首提到的各种气候现象，即前面所说的massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons，这些都属于上一句中的 rapidly changing climate。
Question 12
答案： False
关键词： fertilizers， will be needed
定位原文： 第4段第4句“All the food…”所有作物有机自然地生长，不需要除草剂、杀虫剂和化肥。
解题思路： 定位原文后，很容易发现题目和原文信息相反。注意到eliminating the need for是“不需要”的意思。
Question 13
答案： True
关键词： less likely affected by infectious diseases
定位原文： 第4段第5句“The system…”系统将大大减少农业接触中一些传染性疾病的发生概率。
解题思路： 在12题之后，就可以清楚看到13题的答案。原文的greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases 是题目的同义表达。
Test 1 Passage 2
Question 14
答案: False
关键词: linked, for the first time
定位原文: 第1段的两句内容“The Falkirk Wheel.. ” 苏格兰的法尔柯克水轮是世界上首个也是唯一一个船只升降转轮。法尔柯克水轮启用于2002年，它对于斥资8450万英镑的千禧廊道项目至关重要，该水轮通过重新连接福斯克莱德运河和联盟运河间曾经的航路来恢复苏格兰的适航性。
解题思路: 原文的reconnecting 是答题重点，既然是reconnecting，所以一定不是the first time
Question 15
答案: Not Given
关键词: at first, the design of the Falkirk wheel，opposition
定位原文: 第3段。说的是很多人提交了关于这个项目的设计想法，最后巨大的旋转钢制船舶升降设备的计划，也就是之后的法尔柯克水轮胜出。这一装置对一无二形状据说是受到了不同材料的启发，既有人工的，又有天然的，尤其是著名的凯尔特双头斧、还有巨大的船只转动螺旋浆、以及鲸鱼的胸膛或是鱼类的脊椎。
解题思路: 这一段只是介绍了设计过程，并没有提到设计时有什么反对意见，初步可以断定是NG，如果担心遗漏掉答题定位区，可以暂时待定答案，浏览全文后可以发现，这是全文跟题目有关的唯一答题定位区，可以确定答案就是NG。
Question 16
答案： True
关键词： put together， components were manufactured.
定位原文： 第4段第1句“The various parts of...” 法尔柯克水轮不同的部分被建造和安装起来，就像一个大型的玩具建筑装置似的，在距离法尔柯克400公里的德比郡巴特利工程炼钢厂。
解题思路: constructed and assembled，其中constructed与题目中的manufactured为同义替换，而assembled与题目中的put together为同义替换，制造和组装都在同一个地点，所以答案为True。
Question 17
答案： Not Given
关键词： bolted together by hand， the only boat lift
定位原文： 第4段最后一句“Over 45，000…” 超过45000个螺栓孔被它们的螺栓所匹配填充，每个螺栓都由人工手动旋紧。
解题思路： 本题有两个论述点：一是：唯一一个， 二是：螺栓手动组装。本题的答题定位区域只是论证了第二个点，并没有提到第一个，所以答案是NG。
Question 18
答案: False
关键词： the weight of the gondolas，varies, the size of boat
定位原文： 第5段第3句“These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats.”这些贡多拉的重量总是一样的，不管它们是否携带船只。
解题思路: 定位到原文很显然能够发现题目和原文的信息相反，因此很容易得出答案。
Question 19
答案: True
关键词：The construction site，nearby ancient monument
定位原文： 第7段第2句“The Wheel could not be…”水轮不能被建在相差35米的两条运河间升起船只，是因为具有重大历史意义的安东尼墙存在。
解题思路： 第7段第2句说明了安东尼墙是ancient monument，定位句和原题完全符合。
Question 20
答案： gates
关键词： a pair of, shut out water, canal basin
定位原文： 第6段第2句“Two hydraulic steel…”两个水力钢闸门被升起，从而把贡多拉封闭于运河港池之中，然后抽出闸门间的水。
解题思路： 原文中，出现的two为a pair of 的同义替换;同时raised，此处与题目中的lift为同义替换;而so as to...与题目中的in order to...为同义替换，注意字数限制是 one word。
Question 21
答案： clamp
关键词： take out, rotate
定位原文： 第6段第4句“A hydraulic clamp …”用于阻止在贡多拉停靠时水轮臂移动的液压夹具被移除了，得以让水轮运转。
解题思路：此处removed 与 taken out 为同义替换;同时 allowing the Wheel to turn 与题目甲的 enabling Wheel to rotate 也为同义替换，注意题目要求是one word。
Question 22
答案： axle
关键词：hydraulic motors
定位原文： 第6段第5句，“In the central machine room…” 在中心机房，十个液压发动机开始旋转中心袖。
解题思路: 原文中 then begins to rotate 同义替换题目中的drive
Question 23
答案： cogs。
关键词：different-sized, upright
定位原文： 第6段7、8句“As the wheel rotates, the gondolas…”随着轮子旋转，贡多拉随着齿轮装置保持直立位置，两个八米宽的cogs(齿轮)围绕着一个宽度相同的固定内部齿轮旋转，它们被两个以相反方向转向外部齿轮的较小齿轮连接——从而确保贡多拉一直保持水平。
解题思路： upright 可以保持定位，定位后可以得出答案。注意在第八句中对a simple gear system做了详细的解释，是cogs。同时one word 的要求得出答案必须是这个。
Question 24
答案: aqueduct
关键词: top Wheel, moves directly
定位原文: 第6段第9句 “When the gondola...”, 当贡多拉到达顶部时，船只径直穿过位于运河港池上方24米处的沟渠。
解题思路：题目中的moves directly onto 与本句中的 passes straight onto 是同义表达，因此本题答案为aqueduct。
Question 25
答案： wall
关键词：travels through tunnel, Roman
定位原文：第7段的第2、3句“The Wheel could not be constructed…” 水轮不能被建在相差35米的两条运河间升起船只，是因为具有重大历史意义的安东尼墙存在。
解题思路：boats travel under this wall via a tunnel，可见此处的wall就是上句说到的Antonine Wall，因此本题答案为wall。
Question 26
答案： locks
关键词：11, Union Canal
定位原文：第7段第1句“The remaining…”剩下的11米靠a pair of locks 来实现。
解题思路：结尾处的achieved by means of a pair of locks 说明船只由locks升起。
Test 1 Passage 3
Question 27
答案：D
关键词：earlier natural phenomenon
定位原文：D段第3句“The idea is modelled…”这个想法模仿了历史上的火山爆发，比如说1991年菲律宾皮纳图博火山爆发，这次火山爆发导致短期内全球气温下降了0.5摄氏度。
解题思路：题目说的早期的自然现象，D段此处说到historic volcanic explosions是属于an earlier natural phenomenon的，因此选择D。
Question 28：
答案：B
关键词：example, a successful use
定位原文：B段第2句“For decades…”数十年来，在莫斯科举行的劳动节阅兵一直在清澈的蓝天下进行，就是利用飞机载着干冰、碘化银以及水泥粉来驱散云层。
解题思路：题目说的是一个成功进行地球工程的例子。文章B段开头提到Geo-engineering has been shown to work，说明后面如果出现具体事例，就是在列举geo-engineering的成功，而之后关于May Day parades in Moscow的例子，正对应题目中的a successful use，一个实例验证。因此本题答案为B。
Question 29：
答案：A
关键词：definition, geo-engineering
定位原文：A段第4句“Consequently, an increasing number of…” 因此，越来越多的科学家开始探索地球工程的替代性——这个术语通常指目的性的大规模环境控制。
解题思路：本题问到关于地球工程的普遍定义，文章主题是围绕geo-engineering展开，因此通常说来定义往往会出现在文中比较靠前的位置，读到A段第一次出现geo- engineering 时，便出现了破折号和a term which generally refers to 这样典型的表示下定义的表达，因此本题答案为A。
Question 30：
答案：sunshade
关键词：tiny spacecraft, reduce the amount of light reaching Earth
定位原文：B段第4、5、6句 “The most eye-catching…” Professor Roger Angel 提出了一个最引人注目的想法，他的方案是将采用16兆之多的微型航天器，其中每个约重为1克，从而在地球上方150万公里的轨道上形成一个透明的、折射太阳光的遮光板。
解题思路：题目中的 a large number of tiny spacecraft 出现在文章B段第五句，其中a large number of同义于16 trillion, tiny spacecraft 同义于minute spacecraft，之后题目在目的中提到减少到达地球的太阳光，这与B段第六句的reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent一致，题目中的create相当于原文中的form。这组题目要求填入一个单词，因此本题答案为sunshade。
Question 31：
答案：iron
关键词：in the sea
定位原文：C段第1句“The majority of geo-engineering…”大部分目前实施的地球工程，包括在沙漠种植森林，将铁质沉淀入海促进藻类生长，都是侧重于给地球整体降温的目的。
解题思路：depositing iron in the ocean, 可见depositing 之后的名词与place之后的名词即31题所填内容对应。
Question 32：
答案：algae
关键词：encourage, to form
定位原文：C段第1句“The majority of geo-engineering…”大部分目前实施的地球工程，包括在沙漠种植森林，将铁质沉淀入海促进藻类生长，都是侧重于给地球整体降温的目的。同31题一起作答。
解题思路：to stimulate the growth of algae, 这部分内容与题目中to encourage _____ to from 一致，因此本题答案为algae。
Question 33：
答案：clouds
关键词：aerosol sprays
定位原文：D段的第1句和第2句“The concept…” 使用硫或氢化硫喷雾，由此二氧化硫将形成云层，这将转而导致全球变暗。
解题思路：本题说到释放aerosol sprays，这一信息出现在文章D段第一句，而题目问的是这样做是产生了什么，33题空前的create与D段第二句中的form对应，因此本题答案为clouds。
Question 34：
答案：cables
关键词：strong, Greenland
定位原文：D段第4句“Scientists have also scrutinized…”科学家同样细致探讨了是否可能用强化的高压电缆保护格陵兰的冰层，以防止冰山进入大海。
解题思路：题目中的strong与句中的reinforced对应，可见对应的内容为 reinforced high-tension cables，根据one word 的要求，是填写 cables。
Question 35：
答案：snow
关键词：Russian Arctic, reflect radiation
定位原文：D段第 5、6句“Meanwhile…” 同时在俄罗斯北极地区，地球工程方案包括种植数百万棵桦树。而这一地区本地生长的常青松树遮挡雪并吸收辐射，桦树将在冬天落叶，从而使辐射能够被雪反射。
解题思路：本题中提到的reflect radiation 在D段第六句中出现，通过分析enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow，可以看到其中名词snow符合题目要求。
Question 36：
答案：rivers
关键词：change the direction of
定位原文：D段第7句“Re-routing…”
解题思路：D段第7句说到Re-routing Russian rivers,可见是河流的方向被改变。一些气候科学家说，改变俄罗斯河流方向来増加流到结冰区域的冷水同样可以用来减缓地球变暖。
Question 37：
答案：B
关键词：effects, may not be long-lasting
定位原文：E段第4句“And Dr. Phil Rasch …” Dr. Phil Rasch 认为“我认为我们所有人都同意如果有一天停止地球工程，地球将很快回到实施地球工程前的状态，或许在十到二十年间。这当然是值得人们担忧的。”
解题思路：题目说地球工程的效果可能不会长久，“And Dr. Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: “I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That's certainly something to worry about. ” 一旦停止地球工程，地球将很快回到之前的状态，这说明地球工程的效果不会long-lasting，是用假设的观点来表示“一旦停止就返回”而这一观点是Phil Pasch表达的，因此本题答案为B。
Question 38：
答案：D
关键词：a topic worth exploring
定位原文： H段第3句“According to…”根据Martin 这个人提出的观点，人类干涉天气变化已经把人类带到了一种必须全面细致探讨这一话题及其可能性的境地。
解题思路：本题所表达的观点说地球工程是一个值得探讨的话题，Martin的观点即需要对这一话题进行细致探讨，当然是值得探讨这与题目表达一致，而这是Martin Sommerkorn 提出的观点，因此本题答案为D。
Question 39：
答案：C
关键词：limit the effectiveness
定位原文：G 段最后一句“To avoid…”为了避免这样的情況，Lunt说Angel的项目需要以一半力量来实施;这一切都符合他的观点：最好的选择是避免整体性的地球工程的需要。
解题思路：本题所表达的是有必要限制地球工程项目的效果。其中说到 operate at half strength，这与题目中limit the effectiveness一致，而这是Dan Lunt 的观点，因此本题答案为C。
Question 40：
答案：A
关键词：non-fossil- based fuels, cannot be replaced
定位原文： E段第2句“Angel says that his plan is…”Angel说他的计划“无法取代开发可再生能源这一唯一的永久解决方案。”
解题思路：本题所表述的观点是非化石原料的研究不能被地球工程所取代。其中 no substitute 与 题目中 cannot be replaced 是同义替换，而 renewable energy 与题目中 non-fossil-based fuels同义替换，这一观点是Roger Angle表达的，因此本题答案为A。
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