托福写作，到底考什么
很多考生会反应托福写作这块提高很难，自己练习了很多题目，却总还是看不到效果，要么就是时间太紧张写不完，要么就是看到了题目也不知道写什么。那么托福写作到底考什么?
托福写作，到底考什么
托福写作包括两部分，需要在五十分钟内完成。分为综合写作和独立写作。
托福综合写作
是以与阅读和听力材料为基础的写作试题，写作时间为20min。考生首先要阅读一篇学术类的文章，阅读时间为三分钟，然后该页翻篇，将会听到两分钟左右的与阅读有关的演讲。之后考生需要针对给出的听力和阅读材料，在二十分钟之内完成一篇150-225字的托福文章。
托福独立写作
是需要根据考生自己的知识和经验陈述，解释并能支撑该问题看法，考察综合语言技能的托福作文。在30min内，完成一篇300字的文章。独立作文考验你的文章是否切题，阐述是否充分，是否有分层次的段落，是否有自然的过渡段，句子之间的联系是否紧密，语法错误与单词拼写错误是否过多，文章的逻辑性是否紧凑，用词方面是否高级。
托福作文虽然是一个人写的，但是却有多位老师进行评分。每篇文章先要经过两轮的机器评价语法和用词，再有两位阅卷老师打出评分。
最后的托福写作分数取的是两篇文章的平均值，再经由换算，得出以30分为满分的考分。
所以托福写作想要拿高分，就一定要注意文章是否切题，分段是否合理，逻辑是否缜密，用词是否高级，拼写错误和语法错误尽量规避。
托福写作满分结尾的几种方式
托福写作招式一：回答问题
E.g.1
When a country develops its technology; the traditional skills and ways oflife die out.It is pointless to try and keep them alive.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good,Ithink it is by no means ‘ pointless’,in any way, to try to keep traditions alivewith technology.We should not ignore technology,because it can be our friend andsupport our way of life.
这个结尾段落明确地提出了自己的观点，不是所有的科技都是好的，但是科技也不是完全没有用处的。
托福写作招式二：不要添加新的信息
E.g.2
Happiness is considered to be very important in life.
Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achievinghappiness?Like self-awareness，this is also very difficult to achieve’but I thinkthese are the two factors that may be the most important for achievinghappiness.
用一句话明确自己的观点，幸福很难定义，可能有两个因素起到作用。
托福写作招式三：2-3个句子为宜
E.g.3
Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational;otherwise they are a complete waste of time.Do you agree or disagree?Finally,Ithink it is also important to remember that children need to relax as well aswork.If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance,thenthey will soon get tired of studying altogether,which is the last thing parentswould want.
两句话，作者的态度很明确，学生不可能花所有的时间去学习，否则就会完全失去对学习的兴趣，所以也应该给学生一些放松的时间。
一般在结尾段的最开始部分，考生就应该给考官一个明确的信号词，让考官了解文章已经进入尾声了。这里所谓的信号词就是一些结尾段的套句：
信号词：Finally，to sum up，in conclusion，in brief，therefore，thus，overall
句型：
1. it can be concluded that…
2. we can find that…
3. I think it is also important to remember that
4. the main point is to make sure that
5. I believe that/ Personally， I think that/ I would say that/ I agreethat/ My view is that
托福写作招式四：可采用的技巧
1.总结式(重述前文)
把在前文中的观点在结尾段进行重述，但是不能出现与开头段或者题目中的单词重复。
E.g.4
_n many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.
What do you think are the cause of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this,and highquality nursery schools could be established that would support families more interms of raising the next generation.The government should fund this kind ofparental support,because this is no longer a problem for individual families,butfor society as a whole.
把solutions进行简单地再次描写—父母、好的托儿所、政府的资金扶助。
_owadays we are producing more and more rubbish.Why do you think this ishappening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbishproduced?
I think,therefore,that governments need to raise this awareness in thegeneralpublic.Children can be educated about environmental issues at school,butadults need to take action.Governments can encourage such action by puttingtaxes on packaging,such as plastic bags,by providing recycling services and byfining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.
重述上文的内容，由政府采取措施—提高意识(children & adult)
具体措施(提高价格、循环利用、罚款)
2.两分式
把文章涉及到的主题人或者物分成两种，对其进行分别说明。
E.g.5
_n many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work.Somepeople regard this ad completely wrong,while others consider it as valuable workexperience,important for learning and taking responsibility.What are youropinions on this?
Nevertheless,in better economic circumstances,few parents would choose tosend their children out to full-time paid work.If learning responsibilities andwork experienceare considered to be important,then children can acquire these byhaving light,part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parentsaround the family home,which are unpaid,but undoubtedly of value in children’sdevelopment。
对于有钱的家庭而言，家长很少送小孩去做童工;如果是为了钱或者其他，可做兼职。
_ome people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoidingchange.Others,however,think that change is always a good thing.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
In conclusion,I would say that change can be stimulating and energizing forindividuals when they pursue it themselves,but that all change,including thatwhich is imposed on people,does not necessarily have good outcomes.
如果是人们自己的选择那么改变是一件好的事情，但如果是被强加于身，改变则不会带来任何可喜的效果。
3.折中式
很难判断In conclusion，I do not think其中到底谁占据主导地位，或者什么是最重要的，两者是缺一不可的，需共同存在。
E.g.6
Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much moreinfluence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have inour life.
That either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person,but thatboth have powerful effects.How these factors interact is still unknown today andthey remain largely unpredictable in a person’s life.
两者是缺一不可的，天赋和后天培养同等重要。
如何构建托福写作的骨架
I 准确的句子表达
1. 句型分析
英语的句型包括以下几种，简单句、复合句、并列句、并列复合句等。在新托福写作中，一般使用复合句，辅以并列句和并列复合句，当然肯定要有简单句，做到长短句相结合。下面摘抄几个句子给大家认识并分析一下复合句和并列复合句。
a. Even though I usually know what I have to say, I cannot always express myself correctly in English.
这句话是一个复合句，由even though引导的让步状语从句。
b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English, with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.
这句话中是一个复合句。with介词结构中，有一个that引导的同位语从句对result进行解释说明。
c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts, and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.
托福写作辅导指出上句话是一个并列复杂句。and 连接了两个句子，是一个并列句;because引导的原因状语从句。
d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric”, receives low mark.
这句话同样是并列复杂句。由and连接两个句子，成为并列句，再一个which引导的定语从句。
2. 有问题的托福写作句子的列举
托福写作中的句子容易出现三个问题：一是使用破碎句，二是使用接连句，三是句子连接不正确。
1). 破碎句
所谓破碎句，就是句子不完整，通常是没有谓语(或者说谓语是动词的非谓语形式，如分词)，或者是从句单独成句。
破碎句：She singing alone. (无谓语，singing是现在分词)
正确句：She is singing alone.
破碎句：He did not come. Because he was sick. (从句单独成句)
正确句：He did not come because he was sick.
2).接连句
所谓接连据，就是两个句子直接连在一起，既未使用连词，也未使用正确的标点符号。
接连句: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正确句一: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正确句二: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
3).句子连接不正确
所谓托福 写作句子连接不正确，就是两个独立的句子之间以逗号连接，这是不合英语语法的。正确的做法是以连词、分号、冒号、句号等连接两个句子。
不正确句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
正确句： Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
II 高分表达
除了在句式上长短句相结合准确表达外，小马过河建议新托福考生要使用一些特殊的句式，以使句型多样化。句型多样化也是作文得到高分的条件之一。除了我们之前经常提到的高分句式，如倒装句、强调句、状语前置、插入语等，笔者还提出另外一个句式的多样变化，即主语多样化。下面笔者将列举几个句子概括介绍前面四种句型，而重点分析主语多样化。
正常句： Luck only works in extreme cases.
倒装句： Only in extreme cases does luck work.(否定词位于句首的倒装。)
正常句： The internet provides people access to the latest information.
强调句： It is the internet that provides people access to the latest information. (强调the internet)
正常句： The environment has been deteriorating severely along with the development of industry.
状语前置句： Along with the accelerating development of industry, the environment has been deteriorating severely.
正常句： However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space.
插入语： New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space. (连词however做插入语)
主语多样
1. 她突然想到了一个主意。
She suddenly had an idea.
通常情况下，考生会马上对这句话进行翻译，基本不会动句子结构。但是以人作为主语的英语句子总是不能够很吸引人，所以这个句子如果稍微做下修改，以后面的宾语“主意”做主语，这个句子会发生一些变化。
2. 他开车心不在焉，几乎闯祸。
He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an accident.
这句话依然是拿人做主语，稍微改一下，把心不在焉这个形容词的名词形式做主语，会大不相同。
His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident.
3. 美利坚合众国创立于1789年。
The United States of America was founded in 1789.
这句话没有任何错误，但是不够多样，可以用时间作主语。
The year 1789 witnessed the founding of the United States of America.
III 实用句型
在托福 写作文章的最后，为大家列举几个新托福考试中可以使用的套用句型，为一些写句子摸不着头绪的考生提供帮助。
1. It pays to make great efforts to prepare for TOEFL-ibt.
努力准备新托福考试是值得的。
2. Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的了。
3. The reason why the white-collars suffer increasing work-related stress is that they pursue work achievement in career.
白领压力日益增加的原因是他们在事业上有所追求。
4. It is time the related department took proper measures.
(虚拟句式)相关部门早该采取适当的措施了)
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