托福阅读速度提升方法：学会找定位词

楚薇分享 2020-07-19 17:31:55

想要提升托福阅读的做题速度，我们就要学会在文章中找到定位词，能够快速找到定位词，我们才能在有限的时间内又快又对地做完阅读题目。那么，什么是阅读定位词?做阅读过程中应该如何快速定位托福阅读定位词?小编来给大家详细解答下。

托福阅读速度提升方法：学会找定位词!

一.什么是托福阅读定位词?

其实很简单，打个比方，你和朋友约好了去酒吧，朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面，这个酒吧你是不知道地点的，也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知，那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。在这里新东方是已知的，就是用来定位的词汇，而酒吧则是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。

定位词的称呼有很多，如关键词，主旨词，功能词，中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了，含义都是一致的：一个可以根据题干回原文定位，并能够找到出处的词，这个题干中的词就是定位词or key word。

二.定位词具体特征分析

定位词总体特征：不可变性和细节性

不可变性：定位词是用来定位的，所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇，才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。

细节性：不要找大概念的词汇，更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇，无法定位。

如，95年英国剑桥委员会British Council给出的唯一样题文章的题目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens

下面有一道选择题是“According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”

拿这道题为例，如果大家把Mount St.Helens作为关键词回原文进行定位，那你会郁闷致死，全文主要讲的就是圣海伦斯火山的喷发，原文有N多个Mount St.Helens，所以即使这个词属于大写的专有名词，但他违背了细节性，是概括性的词汇，也不能作为定位词来寻找答案。

究竟哪些词在托福阅读当中充当定位词?

三.托福阅读中的定位词都有哪些类别?

1.特殊词汇

在阅读中有一些词张的比较特殊，这种词很容易被记住，也很容易回原文定位。

好比，在大街上上看到一个人光着身子跑步-------特殊难看

一个人的个子超高，像姚明一样------特殊长

一个人身上穿着10多种颜色的衣服，而且不停的摇头-----特殊怪

特殊怪，特殊长，特殊难

这三种词就是特殊词的所有特征，在文中看到这样的词，一定要警惕。如，

Sequoia美洲杉---特殊怪，很好定位，也经常作为考点。

sodium【化学】钠---特殊难，大家只要知道是一种化学元素足矣。

Simultaneous同时的---特殊长，这种词本身的特点决定应作为定位词。

2.数字：通常指时间，金钱和百分比。

有一个道题目是这样问的：

“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”

那么像1980 3185$ 69%这些词因为长相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出来几个数字，十分显眼，也就很好回原文找到他们。

3.专有名词：

斜体字，大写人名,地名，大写的专有名词，这一点大家都很熟悉，不用多说。

4.特殊符号：

在特殊符号里或者旁边的词，最好通过符号回原文进行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles)这些词本身并没有什么特别，但放在符号里面，就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。

托福阅读真题1

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(D) strengthened by

3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(D) cover .

4. The word which in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to

the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

托福阅读真题2

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.

The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte's gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulls, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.

On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.

1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Its defensive behavior

(B) It interactions with other gull species

(D) Its physical difference from other gull species

2. The word rear in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) visit

(B) watch

(D) raise

3. The word scale in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) climb

(B) avoid

(D) measure

4. The word immunity in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) distance

(B) transition

(D) reminder

5. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?

(A) The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.

(B) The ravens cannot land on the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.

(D) The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.

6. The author mentions that eggshells litter around the nests of kittiwakes in order to

(A) demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predators

(B) prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspring

(D) illustrate kittiwakes' lack of concern for their chicks

7. According to the passage , it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their

nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls

(B) Atlantic puffins

(D) Northern gannets

8. The word it in line 17 refers to

(A) location

(B) edge

(D) practice

9. The word conspicuous in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) disordered

(B) suspicious

(D) appealing

10. The phrase On the other hand in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) therefore

(B) however

(D) by no means

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