托福阅读句子插入题的常规思路和无耻技巧
托福阅读句子插入题如何解答?为了帮助大家备考，小编就给大家分析一下，希望对大家有所帮助。
托福阅读句子插入题的常规思路和无耻技巧
TYPE8句子插入题
首先请大家想一个问题,为什么不论插入题出现在第几段, 这种题都只存在于总结题之前,存在于倒数第二题的位置呢?
ETS是一个很人性化的机构, 试想一下, 如果这类题出现在前几道题的位置, 而你又选错了,那么会对你对文章的理解造成困扰, 影响你做其他的问题. 所以,要把它放在后面.而没有它,是不影响你做题不影响你读文章的.
清楚了以上的问题, 那么请大家想, 既然这句插入的话对文章本身是没有影响的, 那么它到底和几句话相关?? 如果和前后两句话都相关,是不是把它拿掉了, 就会对文章有影响!!!!!
所以,可以盖棺定论了,待插入的句子,只和前后某一句话相关.扭过来这个思路,再作这种题就容易的多, 我看到过很多人,做这类题, 先把句子拆成前后两部分, 然后挨个空找,前一半对上了不敢选,因为后一半对不上,最终战战兢兢的蒙一个!它只能对上一半,你为什么要强求前后都能对上呢?
下面隆重向你推荐句子插入题的几种常规思路和无耻技巧。
常规思路1
当插入句是代词 it they开头时，在每个空之前找是否有他们的指代对象，有的，就是正确的。可以借鉴指代题的思路。(具体的回去看type6指代题)
常规思路2
当插入句是指示代词This these such+名词开头时，找名词的同义概念。
常规思路3
如果开头是thus，however这些有逻辑的副词，按照逻辑关系选择
常规思路4
找小词，插入句中有another， other，also+名词，寻找这些名词的句子，然后通过句意判断插入句是在这个句子之前还是之后，一般是之前。
说明一点：对于插入题，无耻技巧是辅助我们做题的，是帮助我们排除选项的，所以先用常规思路解题才是王道!
无耻技巧1
在段落之前的空，必错，因为每段的中心都在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了
无耻技巧2
空后有代词they it的，generally speaking，是不对的，代词不能跨距，如果在代词前面加一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是有例外存在，比如这一段只有一个主语，就无法排除后有代词的选项，后面我会举例子!
无耻技巧3
优先考虑段落最后的空，注意，我说的是段落最后的，而不是最后一个空，有时候最后一个空在段中。因为放在最末尾，本身对文章没什么影响，所以，优先考虑这个空。
这种题的解题方法和指代题很像，要各种思路技巧融会贯通，灵活运用。看例子吧!
Eg1
Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?
■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Where would the sentence best fit?
我要你们铭记这道题，因为这道题无耻到了极致，指示代词this+名词，是第二种常规思路，找question的同意概念，有同学看完了四个空，说怎么没有问题的同意概念啊??!!再好好看看，第二个空之前那么明显的问号在那里!直接选第二个!对，就这么无耻
Eg2
Paragraph 7:■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.■
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.
Where would the sentence best fit?
还是
指示代词this+名词，去前面找economic reliance on livestock的同意概念，先运用无耻技巧1排除第一个空，然后看第二个空之前也就是第一句，有livestock is a major economic activity，直接选第二个。
Eg3
Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
11. Look at the four squares [■l that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where would the sentence best fit?
先看待插入的句子，Consequently，常规思路3，按照逻辑词的逻辑关系，先排除第一个空。看到第一句有because，认为第二个空可能对。再往后看，有同学说第二，第四空之后都有they，排除了选第三个。这就是我刚才提醒过的，当一段只有一个主语，或者说每句的主语都有一个词的时候，这种用其后后代词的排除法就失效了。看这段，每句的主语都是tunas，所以说，不能用代词排除了。
回到刚才的常规解法，运用逻辑关系，选择第二空!带入翻译一下，因为金枪鱼的经常游动，它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮。因此，它们不需要吸水!
Eg4
Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. █In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. █It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. █Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. █Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.
11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force contributes to erosion.
Where would the sentence best fit?
看句子，another type，常规思路四，在空后寻找type of destructive force contributes to erosion. 的同意概念，第一个空，the wind is the principal agent of erosion. 就是。如果你不放心，往下看看吧，第二个，有it，无耻技巧二有代词者排除，第三个even，甚至，不符合逻辑。第四个，有their，代词，排除掉。
这类题就告一段落了，提醒一下大家，因为无论用常规思路和无耻技巧都是一种快速的手段，用这些方法的时候你都没怎么好好读句子，所以，选出来之后，一定要回头读一读，是否通顺。
托福阅读句子插入题如何解答
1. 在段落之前的空，99%错误率!因为每段的中心容易出现在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了。但同时请注意【两段式的插句题】，第二个段落前面或第一个段落后面的空反而容易是正确的!
2. 空后有代词this, these, that, those, he, she, they, it, such, each, other, one, another, both, each, anybody, none, some, any….的，一般来说是不对的，缘由是【代词不能跨距!】，如果在代词前面加了一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是也是有例外的，比如该段只有一个主语，其他各句出现连续指代前句，就无法排除后有代词的选项。
3. 插入句中存在指代关系this, these, that, those, he, she, they, it, such, each, other, one, another, both, each, anybody, none, some, any….，一般不选择整段最前面的空!这是根据插入句本身无足轻重的地位决定的，一般不会考核段间承接关系，但【两段式插句题除外】!
4. 优先考虑【段落最后的空】，注意!这里说的是段落最后的，而不是最后一个空!(因为有时候最后一个空在段中)。因为放在最末尾，本身对文章没什么影响，所以，优先考虑这个空!
5. 空后有时间点，例如 In 1832, ….，而本句又不强调事件，一般不做选择，时间一般和前句发生的时间承接较为紧密，不可拆分。
6. 空后出现转折however/ but....、因果Because, as....、递进what's more/ in addition/ first/ second….【90%】高频情况下作为最次要的考虑位置!因为插入句承起不到那么强悍的、连接句间逻辑关系作用的!但经过详细排查位置之后，无奈之下但能对应或前或后的信息，则可放入!
7. 插入句中若出现积极或消极概念，有两种可能，第一、插入句为消极和前句构成转折对立，则前一句存在积极概念;第二、插入句和前句构成递进解释，则前一句为存在消极概念。(课堂大量实例验证为真!这一点会在群95499540和大家开语音课详细讲解，超爽的解题法哦!可以用到细节题、Except题等等其他题型中!)
8. 其他不作为有限考量的位置：举例句前，问句前(注意插入句为问句，一般位于段落末尾空，原因很简单，放段中，影响承接啊!)
9. 插入句中若存在表示“也”的also, as well. too….那么看第一次出现“也”后东东的概念，即为正确!
PS. 注意，一定要先行阅读插入句，而后采用直选法结合上述排除法!以上内容需要大量做题验证，最后形成语感!
新托福阅读背景知识：美国革命
The American Revolution
The War of Revolution between America and Britain began in April 1775 in _exington, Massachusetts, when soldiers from each side met and somebody fired a shot. It was called the 'shot heard round the world' because the war that followed changed the future of the _ritish Empire and America. But the American Revolution, the movement to make an independent nation, began many years earlier.
The causes of revolution
the desire of Americans to be independent from Britain arose out of a long series of disagreements about money and political control. Britain had had colonies (= places taken over by people from a foreign country) in North America since 1607 and kept soldiers there to defend them from attack by the French and Spanish, and by _ative Americans. In order to raise money for this, the British _arliament tried to make the colonists (= people who had gone to settle in America) pay taxes.
From 1651, Britain passed a series of laws called Navigation Acts, which said that the colonists should trade only with Britain. These laws were frequently broken and were a continuing source of tension. Taxes imposed in the 18th century increased ill feeling towards Britain. In 1764 the Sugar Act made colonists pay tax on sugar, and in 1765 the _tamp Act put a tax on newspapers and official documents. Opposition to this was strong and the following year Parliament had to remove the tax. By then, people in both America and Britain were arguing about who had the power to tax the colonies. The 13 colonies each had an assembly of elected representatives, and the colonists wanted these assemblies to decide what taxes they should pay, not Parliament. Some colonists, called patriots, began to want independence from Britain. They expressed their feelings in the slogan 'no taxation without representation'.
In 1767 there was a disagreement in New York about whether Britain could ask people to give soldiers accommodation in their houses. The local assembly agreed, eventually, but became involved in a dispute with Parliament over who had the right to decide such matters. In the same year the Townshend Acts put taxes on certain products including tea. The assemblies refused to help collect the money and Parliament responded by closing them down. All this caused many more people to want independence. _oston, especially, had many patriots, including those who called themselves the _ons of Liberty. On 5 March 1770 there was a riot in Boston and British soldiers killed five people. This incident became known as the _oston Massacre.
The Tea Act gave a British company the right to sell tea to the colonists and actually lowered the price for legally imported tea. But most colonists bought cheaper tea that had been smuggled into the country. On 16 December 1773, when ships arrived in Boston Harbor carrying the tea, a group of patriots dressed up as Native Americans went onto the ships and threw the tea into the water. After the _oston Tea Party, as the event was later called, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts, laws to increase her control over the colonies.
As more Americans began to support revolution, Britain sent yet more soldiers. On 5 September 1774 representatives of all the colonies except _eorgia met in _hiladelphia, calling themselves the _ontinental Congress. The Congress decided that the colonies needed soldiers of their own, and agreed to start training militiamen who could leave their jobs and be used as soldiers if necessary. Since the militiamen had to be ready to fight at short notice, they were called _inutemen.
On 18 April 1775 British soldiers marched out of Boston into the countryside to search for weapons that the colonists had hidden. Paul _evere, a patriot from Boston, rode ahead to warn people that the British were coming. The minutemen got ready, and when they and the British met, the 'shot heard round the world' was fired.
The Revolutionary War
The Americans had the advantage of fighting at home, but Britain was a much stronger military power. There were victories and defeats on both sides during the seven years of war.
The first aim of the American army led by George _ashington was to force the British, called _edcoats because of the color of their uniform, to leave Boston. On 17 June 1775 the British fought and won the Battle of _unker Hill, but they lost so many soldiers that their position in Boston was weak and in March 1776 they were forced to leave. The Continental Congress suggested that Britain and America should make an agreement, but Britain refused and so, on 4 July 1776, members of the Congress signed the _eclaration of Independence. This document, written by the future President Thomas _efferson, gave the Americans' reasons for wanting to be independent. It included ideas that were rather new, e.g. that ordinary people had certain rights that government should respect. Since the British king _eorge III refused to accept this, Americans had the right, and the duty, to form their own government.
Later in the same year the British took control of _ew York and _hode Island, and Washington's army moved away into _ennsylvania. The defeats discouraged many Americans, but at Christmas, when soldiers were not expecting an attack, Washington surprised the British by taking his army across the Delaware River to Trenton, _ew Jersey, and defeating the Hessians, German soldiers paid by the British to fight for them. A story often told is that, before crossing the river, Washington threw down a silver dollar, thinking that if any guards were near they would hear the noise and come. Since nobody came, he knew it was safe to attack.
Washington's army spent the winter at _alley Forge, Pennsylvania. It was very cold and the new government of the United States did not have money to provide soldiers with warm clothes and food. Many became ill, and many more lost their enthusiasm for the war. But in the spring of 1777 they received help from two different sources. A German, General von Steuben, came to train the American soldiers and the Marquis de _afayette brought French soldiers to fight on the American side. With this help, the Americans won a victory at _aratoga, New York. France and also Spain supported the United States because they thought that if Britain became weaker in North America, it would also be weaker in Europe.
Over the next few years, neither side was strong enough to defeat the other completely. But in 1781 Washington saw a perfect opportunity to win. The British General _ornwallis had taken his army to _orktown, Virginia, where he was too far away to get supplies or help. Washington marched south to meet him, while French ships made sure that the British could not receive help by sea. Cornwallis realized how bad his position was and surrendered.
In 1783, after a period of talks, Britain recognized the United States of America, making the US completely independent and giving it the western parts of North America.
Modern American attitudes to the Revolution
the Revolution is remembered by Americans in many ways. _reedom, and the right of ordinary people to take part in their own government, the main reasons why Americans fought the War of Revolution, is values that almost all Americans still support strongly. The _ourth of July, the day on which the Declaration of Independence was signed, is a national holiday, _ndependence Day.
Places, like Boston Harbor and _ndependence Hall in Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, are visited by millions of Americans every year. The names of people involved in the Revolution are known to everyone. George Washington's birthday is celebrated as a national holiday. John _ancock's signature on the Declaration of Independence was the largest, so today John Hancock means 'signature'. Patrick _enry is remembered for his speeches, especially for saying, 'Give me liberty or give me death'.
But if Americans remember the Revolution as a great victory, they seem to forget that the British were the enemy. The governments and people of the two countries have always had a special relationship, and for many Americans, even those whose ancestors were not British, Britain is still the 'mother country'.
新托福阅读背景知识：玛雅文化
Maya Culture
The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. Originating in the Yucatán around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D. 250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Oleic, the Maya developed astronomy, cylindrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools. They were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building sizeable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Maya were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples.
Around 300 B.C., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, A.D. 200-900. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centers. It started to decline around A.D. 900 when - for reasons which are still largely a mystery - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centers continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century.
Maya history can be characterized as cycles of rise and fall: city-states rose in prominence and fell into decline, only to be replaced by others. It could also be described as one of continuity and change, guided by a religion that remains the foundation of their culture. For those who follow the ancient Maya traditions, the belief in the influence of the cosmos on human lives and the necessity of paying homage to the gods through rituals continues to find expression in a modern hybrid Christian-Maya faith.
Cosmology and Religion
The ancient Maya believed in recurring cycles of creation and destruction and thought in terms of eras lasting about 5,200 modern years. The current cycle is believed by the Maya to have begun in either 3114 B.C. or 3113 B.C. of our calendar, and is expected to end in either A.D. 2011 or 2012.
Maya cosmology is not easy to reconstruct from our current knowledge of their civilization. It seems apparent, however, that the Maya believed Earth to be flat and four-cornered. Each corner was located at a cardinal point and had a color value: red for east, white for north, black for west, and yellow for south. At the centre was the color green.
Some Maya also believed that the sky was multi-layered and that it was supported at the corners by four gods of immense physical strength called "Baca’s". Other Maya believed that the sky was supported by four trees of different colors and species, with the green cobia, or silk-cotton tree, at the centre.
Earth in its flat form was thought by the Maya to be the back of a giant crocodile, resting in a pool of water lilies. The crocodile's counterpart in the sky was a double-headed serpent - a concept probably based on the fact that the Maya word for "sky" is similar to the word for "snake". In hieroglyphics, the body of the sky-serpent is marked not only with its own sign of crossed bands, but also those of the Sun, the Moon, Venus and other celestial bodies.
Heaven was believed to have 13 layers, and each layer had its own god. Uppermost was the moan bird, a kind of screech-owl. The Underworld had nine layers, with nine corresponding Lords of the Night. The Underworld was a cold, unhappy place and was believed to be the destination of most Maya after death. Heavenly bodies such as the Sun, the Moon, and Venus, were also thought to pass through the Underworld after they disappeared below the horizon every evening.
Very little is known about the Maya pantheon. The Maya had a bewildering number of gods, with at least 166 named deities. This is partly because each of the gods had many aspects. Some had more than one sex; others could be both young and old; and every god representing a heavenly body had a different Underworld face, which appeared when the god "died" in the evening
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