托福阅读考试推论题怎么做

楚薇2分享 2024-02-01 12:49:15

托福阅读考试推论题怎么做?在这篇文章中，编将解释托福阅读推理问题的关键点，并希望为大家提供一个完整的理解。

托福阅读考试推论题怎么做

托福阅读推理问题的类型和解决方案

推理题托福阅读是基于文章信息读取托福引进隐含的主题，可分为普通推理的问题，而不是常见的推理问题。在标题包含与原始内容相同的关键字的意义上存在共同的推理问题，并且原始推理基于关键字;没有共同元素的推理问题是源中的无线电缆。

托福阅读推理问题

推断的主题很难，但不是词汇问题或客观信息问题。通常，候选人只需在解决问题时找到原始文本。但是，即使推理问题可以位于原始文本中，候选人也找不到任何可以直接选择的证据。因此，很难解决思维过程中的问题。候选人在思考时必须了解“等级”。他们不应该在思考方面有局限性。文章中深层意义的深度还不够，或者存在过度的“思想扩张”。内在选择当思考有限时，候选人倾向于直接从原始文本中选择信息。这类信息是解决问题的常见障碍;如果思想扩张太多，就会增加自己的常识，这不利于解决问题，而且往往会回答错误的问题。

托福阅读推理问题的可选功能

这类问题的正确选择的分析是利用定位信息详尽提取的，这些信息一般不直接用原文本义表示，通常很含蓄广义;错误的选择通常包含3情况：第一种是没有文字的产地直销的内容，第二个是在原文中明确提到的内容，三是不相关的选项，它可以是信息在别处出现。

托福阅读之推理题备考方法

一、推理题的标志

推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。

二、推理题的做法

对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。

对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：

1. 一般对比推理

ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。

例如：

It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

B. There were great numbers of them.

C. They lived in the sea only.

D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

2. 时间对比推理

这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

例：

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

(A) families were larger.

(B) population statistics were unreliable.

(D) economic conditions were bad.

3.集合概念推理

集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。

例：

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

(A) They value folk cultures.

(B) They have no social classes.

(D) They do not value individualism.

如何保证托福阅读推理题的信息点不被遗漏

如何不错过托福推理题的信息点?托福阅读推理题就是题目需要的信息都隐藏在文章中，但是没有直接表露出来，需要考生自己从表面内容中推理出。因此，我们在做托福阅读推理题的时候不能错过每一个信息点，因为这些可能都是最后答案的重要凭证。

托福阅读推理题的题干中常出现infer，imply，most likely(least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。

一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题：

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentageof people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuitsexpanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war，with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domainsof transportation， manufacturing， and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passageabout the agricultural sector of the economy after the CivilWar?

(A) New technological developments hadlittle effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the totalpopulation working in agriculture declined.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperitybecause of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词：表示多少的副词：many，some，much of，several，a few ，most…;情态动词：may，can ，could…;表示过去的：used to be，was，were ，at one time，previously ;表示不是唯一的：not only，notexclusively等。

托福阅读模拟题及答案：文艺复兴

The medieval artists didn’t know about perspective; they didn’t want to make their people look like real, individual people in a real, individual scene. They wanted to show the truth, the eternal quality of their religious stories. So these artists didn’t need to know about perspective.

In the European Renaissance period, artists wanted to show the importance of the individual person and his or her possessions and surroundings. A flat medieval style couldn’t show this level of reality and the artists needed a new technique. It was the Italian artist Brunelleschi who discovered the technique of perspective drawing. At first the artists of the Renaissance only had single-point perspective. Later they realized that they could have two-pointed perspective and still later multi-point perspective.

With two-point perspective they could turn an object (like a building) at an angle to the picture and draw two sides of it. The technique of perspective which seems so natural to us now is an invented technique, a part of the “grammar of painting”. Like all bits of grammar there are exceptions about perspective. For example, only vertical and horizontal surfaces seem to meet on eye level. Sloping roof tops don’t meet on eye level.

For 500 years, artists in Europe made use of perspective drawing in their pictures. Nevertheless, there are a range of priorities that artists in displaying individual styles. Crivelli wanted to show depth in his picture and he used a simple single-point perspective. Cezanne always talked about space and volume. Van Gogh, like some of the other painters of the Impressionist period, was interested in Japanese prints. And Japanese artists until this century were always very strong designers of “flat” pictures. Picasso certainly made pictures which have volume and depth. However, he wanted to keep our eyes on the surface and to remind us that his paintings are paintings and not illusions.

It is technically easy to give an illusion of depth. However, a strong two dimensional design is just as important as a feeling of depth, and perhaps more important.

1 The passage mainly discusses

(a) the difference between medieval and Renaissance art

(b) how the technique of perspective influenced the modern art

(d) the contribution of Renaissance artists

2 The word “eternal” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(a) timeless

(b) infinite

(d) constant

3 According to the passage, which is the main concern for medieval artists?

(a) the individual person and his/her possessions and surroundings

(b) real people, real scenes

(d) themes of religious stories