托福写作之论证逻辑-类比和对比论证
类比和对比两种论证方式有什么区别，在托福写作中又该如何正确使用t它们，下面一起来看看吧！
托福写作之论证逻辑-类比和对比论证
类比和对比是英语写作中非常常见的两种段落发展的论证手段，一般涉及到两个或若干个事物之间的比较。这两种方法有着很大的区别，类比(compare)重点强调两个事物的相同点，比如A和B的相同点是什么。而对比(contrast)重点强调两个事物的不同点。在托福写作中，经常会涉及到两件事情的比较，找到这两件事情各自的优点和缺点是什么，然后去衡量取舍。
一、段内类比可以用到的连接词
similarly, similar to, as, like, corresponding to, likewise, by the same token, the same is true of , in comparison, 等等。
我们来看一个段内类比的范文1：
Some of the funniest pieces of literature is actually very close to being tragic, and vice versa. By the same token, try to imagine the face of a clown: One half of his face laughs and the other half cries。
翻译：一些最滑稽的文学作品实际上很接近悲剧，反之亦然。同样地，想象一下小丑的脸庞：一半脸会大笑，另一半脸会大哭。这段文字类比的是：滑稽的文学作品的特点和小丑的脸的特征，都是悲喜交加。
我们来看一个段内类比的范文2：
Different pressures will distract people from their concentration. Employees who are exposed to the pressure from colleagues may hardly focus on their daily work. Similarly, students who have to cope with intense peer pressure may have a hard time concentrating on their academic subjects.
翻译：不同的压力会使人们无法专注于一件事情上。员工面对来自同事的压力，会很难专心工作。同样地，面对同龄同学的巨大压力，学生也很难专心学术学习。这个段落比较的是员工的压力和学生的压力都会导致他们无法专注一件事情。
二、段内对比可以用到的连接词
while, however, whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, In sharp contrast, unlike，nevertheless, in opposition to, otherwise, 等等
我们来看一个段内对比的范文1：
Taking a wide range of courses offers students more options for their leisure time. Past generations worked longer hours and their relatively short life expectancy did not afford as many people the possibility of a long retirement. In contrast, today a large number of college graduates can expect to enjoy several decades of recreational activities after they stop working. The interests that they develop through exploring various academic fields can be very helpful in making their retirement more enjoyable.
翻译：上很多门课程为学生的空闲时间提供更多的选择。过去的人们工作时间很长，而他们的寿命相对来说较短，所以退休后的空闲时间就较短。相反，如今，许多大学毕业生在退休之后可以享受好几十年的空闲时间来娱乐。他们通过学习多门课程所培养的兴趣对于他们退休之后来说很有意义。这段文字对比的是：上很多门课程对于过去的学生和现在学生的影响不同。对比来看，现在的学生学多门课程还是有很多好处的。
我们来看一个段内对比的范文2：
All of us have had – and will continue to have – difficult experiences and failures. It is up to us to learn from them. One person who loses a job may become depressed, then withdraw, and finally start to blame others for his/her problems. In sharp contrast, another person who does not make excuses for failures may try to identify his/her own weaknesses, choose to go back to school or go to a refresher course, switch to another career path that is better suited to his/her potential, or relocate to a more prosperous area. Even though these two people have had the same failure, they will end up getting vastly different results.
翻译：我们所有人都有艰难的经历，都经历过失败，并且以后还将要经历失败。我们要靠自己从中学习一些知识。一个失去工作的人会变得很消沉，然后就退缩，并把责任归咎于他人。形成明显对比的是，另一个人不去找任何借口，试着去找到自己的弱项，继续回到学校或去参加进修课程，并转到自己擅长或更有希望的工作领域当中。尽管这两个人都经历过失败，他们最后的结果却截然不同。这个段落对比的是两个人对待失败的态度和做法不一样，结果也不一样。
一般来说，托福独立写作当中的比较级题目和今夕对比题都可以用类比或对比论证来展开，当然也可以结合因果论证、举例论证等其他的论证方式。
托福写作模板：好同事的特征是什么?
We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people, in your opinion ,what are some important characteristics of a co-worker (someone you work closely with)?Use reasons and specific example to explain why these characteristics are important.
We spend more time with our co-workers during a week than we do with our family, Thus, it’s important for our co-workers to be people we can get along with. I’ve worked in a lot of offices, and I've found there are certain characteristics that all good co-workers have in common.
A good co-worker is very cooperative, She does her best to get along with others.
She tries to keep her end of things flowing smoothly to help others in the office. She
realizes that if one person doesn't get her work done, it can hold up everyone else. She has a positive attitude that creates a pleasant working environment.
A good co-worker is adaptable. She is not stubborn about changes in schedules or routines, and doesn't object to having her job description revised. That can make life miserable for everyone around her. A good co-worker is willing to change her schedule to accommodate another worker's emergency, She has no problem with new procedures and welcomes changes when they come.
A good co-worker is helpful. She pitches in when someone falls behind in his or her work. She’s willing to do whatever it takes to get the job done. She doesn't keep track of how often she has to finish another's work or take on extra work. Some co-workers do their own job, period. They have no sense of office community. They only want to do their work, get paid and go home.
A good co-worker is a sympathetic listener, and never uses what she learns against people. she doesn’t gossip. A bad co-worker uses negative rumors to take advantage of others.
Being a good co-worker isn't too hard, but some people just can't seem to manage it. Wouldn’t it be a wonderful world if everyone could?
托福写作模板：你需要老师吗?
Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay.
Most of us can learn how to do something simple on our own with just a set of instructions. However, to learn about something more complex, it's always best to have a teacher.
Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They've been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that's best of each student. A textbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they're only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.
Teachers help you focus on what you're learning. If you're learning something by yourself, it’s easy to become distracted, and go on to other activities. Teachers keep your attention on the subject. They also approach a subject logically, taking it one step at a time. On your own, it's tempting to skip parts of the learning process you think you don’t need. That can binder your ability to really understand the subject.
Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the textbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher's own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide extra materials to broaden the scope of what you're learning.
There's nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.
托福写作模板：大学生应该要统一上课吗?
Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
Some people may believe that going to classes should be optional, but I disagree. I don't understand how university students can expect to learn anything if they don't attend classes. Personal experience can help people learn about themselves and the world outside the classroom, but when it comes to learning about academic subjects, students need to be in class.
In class they receive the benefit of the teacher's knowledge. The best teachers do more than just go over the material in than class textbook. They draw their students into discussion of the material. They present opposing points of view. They schedule guest speakers to come, give the students additional information, or show documentary films on the subject.
Also, attending classes on any subject teaches more than just facts. It teaches students how to learn, how to absorb information and then apply what they've learned to other situations. Their teacher is the best one to help them with these skills. They can't learn them just by reading the textbook.
Going to class also teaches students how to work with the other members of the class. Many times students will be given group assignments. This is different from what they did in secondary school. Here they're with people from different backgrounds and experiences. In this situation, they learn how to handle working with people different from themselves to achieve a common goal.
Going to class also teaches students responsibility and discipline. Having to be at a particular place at a particular time prepares them for getting a job. Being at a place on time with an assignment completed prepares them for a career.
In short, by going to class students learn more than just information from the teacher. They also learn how to learn, how to work with others, and how to work responsibly. These are not optional skills in life, so attending classes should not be optional in college.
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