新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
新托福阅读考试中偶尔会出现的“新题型”往往会令许多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不过新托福考试教师认为大家对“新题型”完全没必要害怕，下面托小编就将给我们详细分析新托福阅读考试OG中没出现的各种“新题型”。
新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
其实这些新题型并不是进入2009年，2010年以或者是2011年新出现的题型。这些题型其实是新托福考试自从诞生之日起，就已经出现了的题型，但是由于ETS的官方指南一直没有将这部分题型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出现之后，才慢慢被人们知晓的，在这之前，只有传言，但是都是捕风捉影。话不多说，妙文开始!
新托福考试OG列出了阅读的10种题型：
1. Factual information questions (纯粹细节)
2. Negative factual information questions (否定细节)
3. Inference questions (推理题)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辞目的题)
5. Vocabulary questions (词汇题)
6. Reference questions (指代题)
7. Sentence simplification questions (句子简化题)
8. Insert text question (句子插入题)
9. Prose summary (内容摘要题)
10. Fill in a table (表格归类题)
但实际上，新托福考试阅读当中还考了一些OG中没列举出来的题目：
一.段间关系概括题：这种题目要求考生概括出2个自然段间的逻辑关系。比如说《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》这篇文章的第6题。
6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
二.修辞手法题：这种题目是修辞目的的变体。OG中大多数题目只考察一个词组的修辞目的，而实际考试会对一句话甚至整段话的修辞目的进行考察。一个是考修辞对象，一个是考修辞的手段。比如说，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》这篇文章第2题：
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
三.段落结构题：这里题目考查的是文章段落的构架，可以算是新题型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》这篇文章的第9题，
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
The author points out problems with two popular theories.
四. 段落主题题：这种题目考查的是整个段落的主题，可以说是老托福段落主题题的延续：
比如《Petroleum Resources》这篇文章的12题：
12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
五. 双选题：其实不仅仅在听力考试之中有双选题，阅读考试之中也是有双选题的，只是ETS有可能觉得这点并不重要，因此没有通知偶们，例子请见：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》这篇文章第5题。
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
Volcanic rock fragments.
This silt layers
Soft, deep-sea mud
Crystalline salt
以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》这篇文章第11题：
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
The prosperity of the elite
Plenty of available housing
Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
The presence of one or more religious shrines
除此以外，OG对于新托福考试阅读题型的呈现方法也与真实考试有一定距离，如：
一.细节题的阅读跨度：OG中大多数题目只考一段，但是实际考试会有一道题目考2段、甚至是3段的情况。比如《GROUNDWATER》这篇文章的第10题：
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
It is unusually solid
It often has high porosity.
It has a low proportion of empty space.
It is highly permeable.
二.句子改写题的句子复杂性：真实考题比OG中的句子改写题要长很多，而且逻辑关系也更复杂。
三.指代题：OG指代题考得不少，真实考试指代题考得很少。
四.选项长度:真题的选项长度长很多。
五.细节题题干关键字没有在原文直接给出。这让考生定位细节难度大幅度增加。不过说句公道话，其实在老托福考试就已经这样了，并不是在新托福考试之中独有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》这篇文章的第11题。
11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
六. 文章的复杂程度
托福分类话题词汇——科技篇
Technology
state-of-?the-?art, cutting edge 尖端的
revolutionize 彻底改革
automated, mechanized 自动化的;机械化的
mass-??production 大规模生产
cost-?effective/economica l性价比高的
transform 改变
breakthrough 突破
break boundaries 打破界限
advance 发展，前进
information overload, information explosion 信息过量; 信息爆炸
inconceivable, novel, user-?friendly 想象不到的;原创的;用户友好的
speed up/accelerate, augment/enhance/boost efficiency 加速;提高效率
innovation, ingenious 创新;有独创性的
at a staggering rate 以一种令人惊愕的速度
ultra-?lightweight, portable 超级轻便的;可携带的
transaction交易
the proliferation of the Internet/the intensive use of the Internet/the widespread use of the Internet 网络的普及
托福分类话题词汇——教育篇
Education
assignment, homework 任务，家庭作业
required/compulsory courses, elective courses 必修课程;选修课程
children and youth/adolescent 青少年
adapt to sth./adjust oneself to sth./become accustomed to sth. 适应
segregate students 区分对待学生
team spirit 团队精神
think independently 独立思考
students' feedback/input, 学生的反馈
students appraise/evaluate their teachers' performance学生对老师的评价
generalist, specialist, well-rounded/versatile 通才;专才;多才多艺的人
humanities, social science, arts, science and engineering, basic science, applied science 人文;社科;艺术;科技;基础科 学; 应用科学
self-discipline 自制，自我约束
interact, participation/involvement 交互;参与
schooling, parenting, vocational education, curriculum 上学;父母教育;职业教育;课程
be proficient in, well-acquainted with, role-model, perform well in 在…..方面很在行
peer pressure, overprotective, frustration 同辈压力;过度保护;崩溃
thought-provoking, enlightening, inspiring 激发思考的;启迪的，激发的
cultivate/foster/nurture 培养，养成
refreshing, uplifting, motivating 振奋人心的
juvenile delinquency/youth crime, bully, truancy 青少年犯罪;欺凌;逃学
impart/inculcate knowledge 传授知识
instill high moral values 灌输高尚的道德观
employable/marketable skills 就业技能
force-feed the students 填鸭教育学生
memorize for memorization's own sake 为了记忆而记忆
memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws 背诵公式理论和定理
follow sth. blindly/follow sth. indiscriminately 盲目跟从;不加区分地跟从
extinguish/stifle/constrain creativity 限制、扼杀创造力
dampen/sap the students' enthusiasm 打击学生热情
adverse circumstances/adversity 逆境
托福写作重要的三个步骤
第一步：审题、确定立场、列出理由最少3分钟最多5分钟。
要避免两个极端：((只需要在草稿纸上用英文单词或汉语列出各个理由，防止遗忘))
用时太少，理由没有想清楚就开始写作，不仅造成文章逻辑结构不清，还会引起行文中频繁的修正，
欲速则不达;
用时太多，不要追求一次思考就能把每一条理由及相关例证都想出来。其实想出两条之后就可以动笔
，各个理由的例证可以写到该段时边思考边写。这一点你不必怀疑，只要你的思维还是正常的，一定能做
到。
第二步：正文写作。最少22分钟最多26分钟。
a.各段写作时注意对段落的不同部分给予不同的重视。
主题句给予最大重视，注意炼句，别说你不想写主题句，主题句可以使读者和笔者本人更清晰该段落
写什么。各段中支持性细节写作不必遵循相同的模式。有n种选择可供参考：1. 举具体事例 2. 说对方相
对缺点3. 使用数据 4. 使用假想例子 5. 使用类比、比喻、引用等修辞手段来论述。 哪一种你最容易想
出来，就用哪一种。
b.考前将文章开头、结尾、例证、让步等各种句套背熟练,并且练习和模考时把他们用熟，要象做完
型填空一样对待考场作文。别试图在考场上再现去决定比如哪种开头好，怎样结尾好。使用自己选种的套
话。
c.当被告知还有5分钟结束时，一般你已经该写到最后一条理由，或者已经在做结尾。要确保文章有
结尾段。(不排除将他和最后一条理由的末段结合在一起的可能性。)
第三步：检查。需要1-3分钟，有侧重点地检查。
1、句法：确保每句话是完整的，有谓语，且简单句只有一个谓语。
2、时态：文章绝大部分使用的是一般现在时;一般现在时第三人称要使用单数;使用过去发生的事
例时用的是过去时;
3、主谓一致
按此三步，持续练习5篇以上，可以确保时间问题。
整洁
1、TWE要求必须用铅笔写作文，你要自己准备好铅笔和橡皮。橡皮要有韧性，太硬会擦破纸，有错误
要擦干净再改;
2、第一遍写作时要求字迹不要太大也不要太小，通常一行写10-12个左右单词为宜。如果书法不好，
可以在考前练习写一下斜体的26个字母的写法。
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