雅思阅读如何快速定位
作为雅思阅读的第一个考点，如何才能在如此大的阅读量下快速定位找到答案，变得十分关键。在雅思阅读的定位中，我们主要是通过定位词来确定题目对应的文章具体部分，其原因在于简短精确，节省时间，毕竟雅思阅读文章篇幅很长，阅读量大，一个小时的时间对于大多数烤鸭们来讲实在不算充裕。那么雅思阅读的定位词如何选取?一起来看看学习啦为大家总结的雅思阅读定位技巧总结吧。
雅思阅读如何快速定位
如何选取雅思阅读定位词?
首先，选取定位词需要遵循一个总的原则，即——以名词为主。
在此提醒烤鸭们不要忘记了雅思阅读考试的核心是同义替换，从考试核心出发，名词在各类词性中意思相对唯一且明确，也因此不容易出现替换，所以在选取定位词的过程中，首先需要寻找的便是名词。
当然这并不表示所有的名词都可以用作定位词。我们首先选取名词作为定位词的原因是其意思相对唯一明确，不易替换，但是名词中有一类是不符合这个特点的——抽象名词。
抽象名词可以举出很多例 子， 诸 如 reason，idea，definition… 我 们 以definition 为例，definition 的意思是“定义，解释”，一篇文章中可能会出现对多个专家学者对某一特定现象的解释或阐释，那么在这篇文章中，每一个学者说过的话，都是一个“definition”，如此一来，如果我们选择某一题目中的“definition”作为定位词，那么该题目便无法对应到文章中的具体部分，显然就无法进一步解答了。
因此，在定位词的选取上，我们要遵循名词为主的总原则，但是要排除掉名词中的抽象名词一类。
寻找特殊词
在以名词为主的总原则下，我们要进一步睁大我们的眼睛，去发现题目中的“特殊词”。那么何为“特殊词”?常见的“特殊词”又有哪些?
(1)以大写、斜体形式出现的词
雅思阅读中会有字体上的差异，大多数情况下，如果我们在题目中读到了以大写或是斜体形式出现的单词，这些词因其“外形”上的与众不同，值得我们格外留意，一般来讲，这类词是适合选择的定位词。
(2)数字
众所周知，英文里的数字相对来讲拼写繁琐，所以大多数情况下，阅读中出现的数字都是以阿拉伯数字形式出现的，包括百分数、分数等等，也因此数字在大多数情况下在一堆英文字母里就显得格外突出啦!所以，一般来讲，数字同样也是适合选作定位的“特殊词”之一。
(3)时间
雅思阅读中涉及到的时间非常多，大到世纪，小到分秒。时间同样是一类适合选择作为定位词的“特殊词”。时间的特性之一便是其唯一性，而这恰恰符合我们选择定位词的要求，诸如 1985、二十世纪等都是唯一且确定的时间，同样容易发现，且不易替换。更不用说年份这类词尝尝是以阿拉伯数字形式出现的，就更加显眼了!
(4)人名
学术类阅读中常常涉及各类专家、学者，因此人名同样是出镜频率较高的一类“特殊词”。人名出现需要大写，且拼写方式明显与其他词不同，烤鸭们最头疼的替换问题更是完全不需要担心!因此，一般情况下，人名同样是题目中适合作为定位词的“特殊词”。
雅思阅读定位特殊词的特殊情况
首先看题目中有无“特殊词”的原因是其显眼好找，且不易替换的特性。“不易替换”
当然不等于“不会替换”，考官们在“特殊词”上，也会想尽办法，企图难倒众烤鸭们。
例如数字上容易出现特殊情况的百分数。《剑桥雅思 7》Test 2 Passage 3 的第 34题 ：
“The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.”中选择“20%”作为定位词，而回到文章中却根本没有发现 20% 这个数字，实际上就是考官耍了一个小trick，20% outside 在文章中变成了 80% within。
所以，当用百分数 X 作为定位词没有找到对应时，我们要去寻找 1-X。
遇到雅思阅读定位词没有特殊词怎么办?
要始终坚信，考官是冷酷无情的!他们是不会轻易放过烤鸭们的，所以大多数情况下，只有少部分题目中会出现上述容易定位的“特殊词”。在没有“特殊词”的情况下，我们需要选择普通词作为主要定位词。
首先，普通词定位同样是建立在词性原则基础上的，即以名词为主。
其次，我们在选取普通定位词的时候，重点是关注一道题目中的主语名词和宾语名词。
一般情况下，我们以主语名词为主，宾语名词为辅。原因在于主语名词中的“主”字，其重要性已经不言而喻，所以一道没有“特殊词”的题目，我们首先应当关注主语名词。
但是，当宾语名词与主语名词相比，宾语名词是一个更加不熟悉、不常见，甚至完全不认识的词时，宾语名词就一跃成为了主要定位词。原因有两点：
(1)该词在文章中的对应性很强，有可能仅在此文中出现并进行专门讨论。
(2)该词本身就是一个专有名词，那么该词就从一个所谓的“普通词”变成了不易，甚至是无法替换的“特殊词”。
例 如， 剑 7 Test 1 Passage 2 中 第 22 题：
“Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.”中的“irrigation systems”，即灌溉系统一词，大多数烤鸭初看该词并不知道其准确意思，但是它属于要以宾语名词为主的情况，且本身就是一个专有名词，文中该词也是以原词形式出现的。
同样的情况也适用于第 26 题：
“In the future, governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures.”的“infrastructures”一词。
所以，当没有“特殊词”，而只能选用普通词定位时，我们需要将题目中的主语名词和宾语名词选出并比较，一般情况下以主语名词为主，宾语名词为辅;当宾语名词更加不熟悉、不常见，甚至完全不认识时，以宾语名词为主要定位词。同时需要提出的是，普通词定位大概率会出现同义替换，要想做到精确定位，除了掌握好定位原则之外，还需要在同义词上多下功夫!
雅思阅读模拟原文：Seeking an energy holy trinity
Seeking an energy holy trinity
1 NEELIE KROES, the European Union’s competition commissioner, did not mince her words when reporting on Europe’s energy markets on Wednesday January 10th. Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks and so customers are suffering. Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”, are effectively behaving like local monopolies. Shy of competition, eager for artificially high prices, they are helping to block the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of energy on the continent.
2 Energy prices vary wildly across Europe. Ms Kroes wants to see cheaper energy, and intends to push suppliers to divest their distribution network and to get them to invest more in transportation systems so that more energy—in the form of gas, or electricity, for example—can flow easily over borders. It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands. Companies that dominate national markets have, so far, had little interest in improving the interconnections which would mean lower prices for consumers across the continent.
3 Ms Kroes, of course, will struggle to get her way. The European Commission, which on the same day presented its recommendation for improving EU energy policy, also wants to see the unbundling of ownership, the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously.
4 Complicating the matter is an argument over the security of energy supply in Europe. Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas. Russia under Vladimir Putin is prone to using energy exports as a blunt tool of foreign policy, especially when trying to bully countries in its hinterland. Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too. This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved.
5 The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that only protected national champions are able to secure supply, by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent. Protection has been tried for long enough and evidently has not worked for the internal market, nor have these companies secured the best deals for consumers from the Russians.
6 In contrast, the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors. (As a second best solution, especially for France and Germany, it recommends the management of the networks by a third party.) Properly independent managers of Europe's energy networks would have a strong incentive to build interconnecting pipelines and power lines across borders. For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers, for example by building more terminals for the import of liquified natural gas. It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.
7 Whether any of this is likely to happen soon, however, is another matter. The Commission is also calling for European governments to agree on a common effort to reduce carbon emissions by at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels). If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%. Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy, like wind and solar power. All that is laudable enough, but will also require political horse-trading as governments—Europe’s leaders are due to meet in March to discuss the various energy proposals—try to avoid commitments that may hurt domestic energy companies or make European firms less competitive than rivals in America, Asia and elsewhere.
(689 words)
雅思阅读模拟题目：Seeking an energy holy trinity
Questions 1-5 Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1. Europe’s energy companies have funded the construction of the distribution network.
2. There has been a wide range of energy prices within Europe.
3. Gas-poor Germany has to pay a price higher than average to import gas from its neighbour.
4. E.ON and EDF may oppose the liberalisation due to their concerns about the security of energy supply.
5. The European Commission proposes to reduce carbon emissions by 30% if the U.S. is willing to cut its.
Questions 6-10 Look at the box of countries below.
Choose One or Two countries to complete the following sentences.
Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
Countries
A. Belarus
B. Britain
C. France
D. Germany
E. Russia
F. Ukraine
G. The U.S.
6. It’s dangerous for western Europe to depend too much on gas imports from ……
7. A liberalised policy of energy supply was enforced over ten years in …
8. Last year energy supplies in central and western Europe was affected owing to the interruption of gas deliveries to …
9. The governments in …… are bound to oppose the separation of energy suppliers and transporters?
10. Oil exports passing via … to Europe was blocked this week.
Questions 11-14
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage above for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14.
11. The EC disagrees with energy firms to strike long-term deals with foreign suppliers because such deals are usually far from …
12. The EC proposes to split those “national champions” into …
13. A more diverse range of suppliers would guarantee …in the European gas market.
14. The realization of carbon emissions reduction would require the promotion of cleaner cars, a better emissions-trading system, wider use of public transport and more use of … of energy.
雅思阅读模拟答案：Seeking an energy holy trinity
Key and Explanations:
1. No
See para.1: Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks…
2. Yes
See para.2: Energy prices vary wildly across Europe.
3. Not Given
See para.2: It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands.
4. No
See para.5: The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that…
5. Yes
See para.7: If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%.
6. E
See para.4: Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas.
7. B
See para.6: It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by.
8. F
See para.4: Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too.
9. C, D
See para.3: …the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously.
10. A
See para.4: This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved.
11. transparent
See para.5: by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent.
12. suppliers and distributors
See the sentences in para.1 (Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”…) and para.6 (…the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors.)
13. competition and security
See para.6: For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers…
14. renewable sources
See para.7: Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy…
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