托福阅读如何搞定词句和结构
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托福阅读如何搞定词句和结构
NO8-1，我们从“词--句--篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、难词
spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的
plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱
xenolith:俘虏岩
percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、难句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，mostgeologists contend，is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantlexenoliths， argue that the mantle isnot layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending towardliquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transformingportions of the upper mantleirregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。
三、文章结构
Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
托福阅读三大经典题型解题技巧
一、指代题
1、识别：The word ："……" in Line ……refers to……
2、做法 ：
①向前找出现过的词语，一般多为名词，一般是多为距离较近的词语。小心复杂定语从句。
②将出现过的词语代入所在位置。之后判断下当前句子是否成立而且意义通顺。
③注意人称和数的变化。IT、THAT对应单数/THOSE、THEY对应复数。
但是，IT有可能指代前面一句话。
④物主代词 “ITS” 通常指代最近的一个词语
二、主题题
1、特点：
①说明文出现次数比较多。
②文章一般是总分的金字塔结构。主题在第一段提出。
2、主题出现的位置：
①文章首句
②文章的第2句或者第2段
③各段首句的综合
④最FT的一种：自己归纳
3、正确选项的特点：
①包含关键词
何为关键词：A、在其他选项中不存在的。
B、在各段首句中反复出现或者出现2次以上的。(此办法可用来检查或者时间不够的应急)
②人名、地名如果是正确答案，那么，这人名地名一定在文章中反复出现。
③注意选项中与关键词的同意和异意的变体，也可能是正确答案。
4、错误选项的特点：
①过于宽泛或者过于狭窄
②拿段落细节说事，部分代替整体。
③将来的说成已有的。
5、技巧：
①答案大多是B、C。(经XDF老师曲线图概率分析得出)
②DEVELOPMENT、ORIGIN、EFFECT、包含以上词语的注意，可能是正确答案。
备注：此技巧用来应急，猜测运气成分较大。请板油慎用。
三、细节题
唯一法则就是：认真、认真、再认真。
托福阅读材料：好心情影响记忆力
Being in a good mood decreases the brain's working memory, US researchers say.
“This explains why you might not be able to remember a phone number you get at a party when you are having a good time,” Elizabeth Martin, a doctoral student of psychology at the University of Missouri, says in a statement. “This research is the first to show that positive mood can negatively impact working memory storage capacity.”
The researchers gauged study participants’ mood before and after showing them a video clip - some saw a bit of a stand-up comedy routine, while others saw a video on how to install flooring.
Those who viewed the comedy routine were in significantly better moods after viewing the video, while the mood of flooring group had not changed. Both groups were then given a memory test.
The study, published in the journal Cognition and Emotion, found those who watched the comedy routine performed significantly worse on the task.
美国研究人员称，好心情可能会降低大脑的工作记忆(属程序性记忆、短时记忆，是一种短暂时刻的知觉)能力。
“这就能解释为什么明明在派对上玩得很开心，却记不住从派对上得到的电话号码，”密苏里大学心理学博士伊丽莎白马丁在一份报告中指出。“该研究首次说明，积极情绪有损于工作记忆容量。”
研究人员在受试者观看视频片段前后对其情绪进行了测量。其中一部分受试者所看的是轻松喜剧节目，另一些人所看的视频则关于如何铺地板。
那些看了喜剧的受试者观后情绪更佳，而“地板视频”受试者观前观后情绪并无波动。两组都接受了记忆测试。
此项刊登于《认知与情感》杂志的研究发现，观看了喜剧的受试者在记忆测试中表现明显差于另一组受试者。
托福阅读材料：心跳也能发电
电力是让我们生活得舒适所必须的能源，科学家一直都希望能找到一种更方便、环保和实惠的方式发电。下面的新托福考试阅读练习资料中科学家们就研究出了一种让人类自己发电的方式。
The human heartbeat could be used to power an ipod after scientists developed a tiny chip which uses the body's own movement to generate power.
如果科学家们能改进一种用人体自身活动发电的微型芯片，那么将来ipod就可以靠心跳来充电了。
Scientists hope that as the nanotechnology used in the chip evolves, it could lead to electronics which don't require batteries or mains power.
科学家们希望，随着在芯片内所运用的纳米技术不断进步，以后可以生产出不需要电池或系统供电的电子产品。
Hailed as a milestone, it can use tiny movements such as the pinch of a finger to generate power.
这被认为是里程碑式的进步，它将使诸如手指轻轻一捏这样的细小动作也能产生电能。
The team, presenting their findings at the National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, have used it to power LCD displays and diodes, as well as to transmit a radio signal once its generated power has been stored.
研究这一项目的科学团队在美国化学会年会上展示了自己的研究成果，他们用芯片为液晶屏幕和两极真空管充电，并用充完电的机器传播广播信号。
The latest device is thousands of times more powerful than its predecessors, allowing scientists to take the technology out of the lab for the first time.
科学家们最新研究出的装置比以前的那些强大了数千倍，这使他们第一次可以将这项技术带出实验室。
The technology works by using zinc oxide nanowires, which generate electricity when strained or flexed.
它运用了氧化锌纳米线，氧化锌纳米线在被拉紧或收缩时都会发电。
This mean virtually any body movement - from walking to a heartbeat - can generate power.
这就意味着从步行到心跳，几乎任何一个身体动作都能产生能量。
Five nanogenerators working together produced about 1 micro ampere output current at 3 volts about the same voltage generated by two regular AA batteries.
5个纳米发电机同时工作可以产生1微安培3伏特的输出电流，与2节普通的5号电池所产生的电压差不多。
Dr Zhong Lin Wang, of Georgia Institute of Technology said: "While a few volts may not seem like much, it has grown by leaps and bounds over previous versions of the nanogenerator.
佐治亚理工学院的王中林教授说：“也许这么点电压看上去很不起眼，但是比起过去的纳米发电机已经有了飞跃。”
"Additional nanowires and more nanogenerators, stacked together, could produce enough energy for powering larger electronics, such as an ipod or charging a cell phone."
“如果把更多的纳米线和纳米发电机放在一起，就足以为更大的电子产品提供电能，比如为一台ipod或一部手机充电。”
"Our nanogenerators are poised to change lives in the future. Their potential is only limited by one's imagination."
“纳米发电机将改变人类未来的生活，它们的潜力只有想不到，没有做不到。”
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