托福独立写作三大类别介绍
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托福独立写作三大类别介绍
1、简单说明文 Explanation
结构：
首段：背景介绍(Back Information)，引出话题，提出主旨，即主题句(Thesis Statement)
教师指导托福独立写作三大类别详解
主体段：Supporting，即列出理由和引用具体例子来进行说理论述。
例：
In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
分析：
首段可以提出人们如今平均寿命较之前有了大幅度的上涨，引出主要内容，提出自己的观点。
中间段，可以分成来说明这个现象的具体原因，如：人们饮食条件的提升，不再存在吃不饱的情况，而且饮食也越来越科学越来越方便;医疗技术也越来越发达，医治不及导致死亡的情况减少;经济社会比较稳定。
句型：
Among various factors that …… are A, B and C.
A is a very important factor.
Equally important is the ……
Matching A and B is another essential factor ,C.
注意：
主题句要注意尽量不要只使用抽象名词，而且用词、时态要注意，主题句应该值得解释、值得证明。
2、对比对照说明文 Compare and Contrast：
结构：
首段同简单说明文，包括背景信息和主旨的介绍。
主体段则是进行对比对照(Compare and Contrast)，同一事物的不同方面或者是同一方面的不同事物等。注意条例一定要清楚。
结尾重申观点，结论。
句型：
Somebody assert that B is better than A. However, I want to reason that A is better than B.
对比对照排列顺序(两种方法)：
a) A三对一错，B三错一对
b) A三对B一对，B三错A一错
注意：
顺序很重要!结论不重要
3 立论文 Argumentation
结构：
要注意的一点是，这类作文的立场可能不只一个，不能以对错来判断。
首段：介绍文章的背景信息，提出自己的观点和看法。
第二段，具体阐述自己的观点，通过一些事例的引用和论证。
第三段，驳论，反驳与自己相反的观点。
结尾，做出总结，重述自己的立场。
注意：
Argumentation是以读者为导向的，有时候顺序、结论并不重要，说服重于表达。
托福写作优秀句子的汇总
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
Useful quotations
逆境
by Robert Collier
In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.
努力与成功
by Ann Landers
Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.
坚持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.
Confucius 孔子
Our greatest glory is not in never falling...
but in rising every time we fall.
坚持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.
Henry Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.
Winston Churchill
Never, never, never, never give up.
Albert Einstein
In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
努力与成功
by Crassus
Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.
Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.
Leo Tolstoi
The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.
Thomas Jefferson
I'm a great believer in luck,
and I find the harder I work...
the more I have of it.
Robert Collier
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.
Ray A. Croc
Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.
实际经验与间接经验
You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...
than by consulting all the maps in the world.
动机与结果
Vince Lombardi
Winning isn't everything...
but wanting to win is.
John F. Kennedy
We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.
Thucydides
The strong do what they will.
The weak do what they must.
为人态度：
John Wooden
Talent is God given--Be Humble.
Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.
Conceit is self given --Be Careful.
行动：
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.
Publilius Syrus Maxim
No one knows what he can do till he tries.
Terence
There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.
Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good fortune.
William Hazlitt
Prosperity is a great teacher;
adversity is a greater.
William Penn
No pains, no palm;
no thorns, no throne;
no gall , no glory;
no cross, no crown.
Will Rogers
Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.
Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.
成功与失败
Vince Lombardi
It's not whether you get knocked down.
...It's whether you get up again.
Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;
a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
热情(年轻/年老)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
信心
James Allen
The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.
Samuel Johnson
Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.
Aughey
Lost time is never found again.
Voltaire
No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.
Napoleon
Victory belongs to the most persevering.
细心
Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.
计划与工作
Norman Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today and every day;
then work your plan.
Henry Ford
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.
Thomas Edison
I start where the last man left off.
理想与现实
What the mind of man can conceive and believe,
the mind of a man can achieve.
勤奋
Benjamin Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
目标
Henry David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.
幸运
Emily Dickinson
Luck is not chance...
It's toil...
Fortune's expensive smile is earned.
勤奋
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
Useful Quotations
想象力
Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
挑战：
Walter Begehot
The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.
机会与准备
Abraham Lincoln
I will prepare and some day my chance will come.
与事实
Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.
English Proverb
Where there's a will there's a way.
There is no failure excepting no longer trying.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.
托福写作常犯的7种错误
1. 不完整的句子
(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.
If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.
(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
2. 分词短语作状语的错误
Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.
As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.
3. 修饰词错位
(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.
Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.
(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.
After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.
(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.
Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.
4. 串句
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
5. 时态错误
The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.
The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.
6. 代词错误
(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.
Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.
(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.
Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.
(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.
This college has its own entrance requirements.
(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.
If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.
(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
7. 结构混乱
Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.
Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.
Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.
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